History Test 2
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| The Homeland Of Islam |
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| Where was Islam originated? | Arabian Peninsula
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| Inhabited by who? | Nomadic Arabs
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| What's another name to call the Nomadic Arabs? | The Bedouins
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| What were the important trade routes that located along? | Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, etc.
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| What did they gave rise to? | Large commercial cities
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| What did they herded? | Sheep and camels
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| Where did they live? | Lived in fiercely independent clans and tribes
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| What did they often engaged in? | Violent wars with each other
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| There's a variety of what? | Variety of gods and ancestors/ nature spirits
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| What did they valued? | Valued personal bravery and group loyalty
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| Mecca |
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| What was Mecca known for? | Major commercial city
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| What was the Site of the Kaaba? | Most important religious shrine in Arabia
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| How many representations did they housed? | About 360 deities
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| Who ruled the tribe of Mecca? | The Quraysh
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| What did the Quraysh controlled? | Controlled access to the Kaaba
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| What did the Quraysh gained? | Gained wealth by taxing local trade
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| Arabia - Connections to the world |
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| What did they participate in? | Participations in long - distance trade
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| The locations was between what empires? | The Byzantine Empire (to the northwest) and the Persian Empire (to the northeast)
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| What were the Results of the trading? | Many jews, christians, and Zoroastrians lived among the Arabs in Arabia
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| What began to influenced the Arabs? | Their monotheistic ideas began.
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| The Messenger |
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| Who was the Messenger? | Muhammad (570 - 632 CE)
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| Where was he born? | Born in Mecca
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| From what family? | From a Quraysh
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| What was he? | He was a shepherd and a trader
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| What was happening around him? | Troubled by the religious corruption and social inequalities of Mecca
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| What did the often withdrew? | Often withdrew into the mountains to the meditate
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| What happen in 610 CE? | He had an overwhelming religious experienced
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| Similar to what? | Similar to the buddha and Jesus
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| What was he convince of? | He was convinced that he was Allah's messenger to the Arabs
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| What did Muhammad claimed to be? | Claimed to be the "seal of the prophets"
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| What did that claiming mean? | Meant he was the last in a long line of prophets, including Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and others.
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| What did he say he had? | He said he had God's FINAL revelation to humankind.
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| What wasn't he trying to do? | Wasn't trying to start a new faith
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| What was the reality to it? | More of an invitation to return to the old and pure religion of Abraham
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| The Message |
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| When did Muhammad's revelations began? | Muhammad's revelations began in 610 CE and continued for the next 22 years.
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| What was recorded in the Quran? | The sacred scriptures of Islam
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| What was in the Monotheistic? | Allah is the only god
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| What was him? | All powerful creator
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| How was he? | Good, Just, and Merciful
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| What did he reject? | He rejected the other deities housed in the Kaaba.
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| What did he also reject? | Rejected the Christian idea of the Trinity
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| What was the first thing that the Quran rejected? | Hoarding of wealth and materialism
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| What was the second thing that the Quran rejected? | Exploitation of the poor
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| What was the third thing that the Quran rejected? | Corrupt business practices
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| What was the fourth thing that the Quran rejected? | Neglecting widows and orphans
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| What was the last thing that the Quran rejected? | Abuse of Women
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| What did the Quran demanded? | Social Justice, Equality, and Aid to the poor.
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| What was the primary obligation of all beliebers? | Submission to Allah
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| What did it involved? | Not only and individual or spiritual act, but also involved the creation of a whole new society.
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| What is Umma? | The community of all beliebers
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| What was Umma? | Just and moral society of Islam
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| What about it? | Would replace tribal, ethnic, or racial identities.
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| The message: 5 pillars of Islam |
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| What about the first pillar? | Faith: "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God"
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| What about the second pillar? | Prayer: Should be performed 5 times daily while facing in the direction of Mecca.
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| What about the third pillar? | Almsgiving: Supporting the poor and needy of the community.
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| What about the fourth pillar? | Fasting: Occurs during month of Ramadan; no food, drink, or sexual relations from dawn to sundown.
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| What about the fifth pillar? | The Hajj: Pilgrimage of Mecca
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| The message: The 6th Pillar |
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| What was the 6th pillar referred to? | Jihad="Struggle"
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| What did the "Greater Jihad" mean? | Interior personal effort to avoid greed and selfishness, and to drive toward living a God-concious life.
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| What was the "Lesser jihad"? | "Jihad of the sword"= belief that the Quran authorized armed struggle against the forces of unbelief and evil.
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| In order to what? | In order to: establish Muslim rule and defend the Umma from the threats or infidel aggressors.
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| Transformation of Arabia |
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| Who was attracted by Muhammad's message? | Muhammad's message soon attracted opposition from Mecca's elite families.
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| What was the first thing that the Mecca's elite families didn't like about him? | Claim to be the "messenger of Allah"
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| What was the second thing that the Mecca's elite families didn't like about him? | Strict monotheism
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| What was the third thing that the Mecca's families didn't like about him? | Call for Social reform
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| What was the fourth thing that the Mecca's families didn't like about him? | Condemnation of business practices
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| What was the fifth thing that the Mecca's families didn't like about him? | Disloyalty to his own tribe (the Quraysh)
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| What did it caused? | Caused Muhammad and his followers to go off to Medina
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| What happen during that time? | This is where Umma took shape
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| The Islamic Community |
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| What was Muhammad during that time? | Religious and political leader; also led the military
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| What happen to the Islamic Community? | Expanded throughout Arabia
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| By what was expanded? | Military conquest, Marriage alliances with leading tribes, and Voluntary conversion
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| What happen by 632? | Muhammad's death and most of Arabia took over the Islamic Community.
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| Islamic Law |
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| There was no distinction between what? | Religious law and civil law
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| What was ONE LAW? | The Sharia
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| What did it do? | Regulated every aspect of life
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| European Christendom: Byzantine Empire |
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| The Fall of the Roman Empire |
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| What happened in 395 CE? | Final division of Roman Empire into eastern and western halves.
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| What happened in 476? | End of the western Roman Empire
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| Who remained intact? | Eastern half remained intact= the Byzantine Empire (aka Byzantium)
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| Western Europe After Rome |
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| What happened? | Roads in disrepair, Cities falling apart, Central government broke down, Long distance trade stopped, and People moved to rural areas.
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| What was still dominant? | Christianity still dominant=Roman catholicism
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| The Byzantine Empire |
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| How was the government? | Unified and centralized government
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| What was the capital? | Capital= Constantinople
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| What was the religion? | Eastern Orthodox Christianity
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| What was attempted? | Attempted to preserve some elements of the Roman Empire
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| What did they enjoyed? | Enjoyed many advantages that allowed it to stay intact, unlike the western Roman Empire
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| What were some advantages ? | Wealthier and more urbanized, More defensible capital; Constantinople was walled in.
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| What were some other advantages? | Shorter frontier to guard, Stronger army and navy, Strong leaders and clever diplomacy
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| Preservation of the Roman Empire |
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| What were the Elements of the Roman Empire within Byzantium? | Roads, Taxation System, Military structures, Centralized administration, Laws and court system, Roman- style robes and sandals.
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| But what happen ? | A lot changed as well.
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| The Byzantine State |
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| The byzantine state was never larges as the? | As the Roman Empire
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| Reached it's largest size during the reign of? | Emperor Justinian
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| Lost many territories due to what? | Arab/Muslim expansion in the 7th century= Syria/Palestine, Egypt. and North Africa
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| What did they still controlled? | The eastern Mediterranean, Greece, the balkans. and Anatolia
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| Political State of byzantine |
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| Who was Empress Theodora? | Justinian's wife
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| What was going on on the centralized authority in Constantinople? | Emperor viewed as "God's earthly representative"
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| What was the imperial court filled with? | Filled with grandeur, wealth, and court ceremonies.
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| What authority did the generals had within the provinces? | Provinces within the empire ruled by generals who had civil authority and could raise their own armies
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| What did the government focused on? | Focused on: Collecting taxes, maintaining order, and suppressing revolts.
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| What did not become heavily involved? | Did not become heavily involved in the lives most people.
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| When did it start facing invasions? | After 1085 CE
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| From whom? | Catholic Crusaders from Western Europe and Turkic Muslims invaders
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| When did the empire officially fell? | Empire officially fell when Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453
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| The byzantine Church |
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| What was the Caesaropapism? | Church and state were connected
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| What was different from the Western Europe? | The Roman catholic Church was independent from optical authorities
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| What did the Emperor do? | Emperor assumed roles of head of state and head of the Church.
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| What were other things that the emperor do? | Appointed church leaders, Called church councils into session, Made decisions about religious doctrine/rule, Treated the church as government department.
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| What did the eastern Christianity provide? | Provided a cultural identity for people within the byzantine Empire.
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| What was the empire filled with? | Empire (especially Constantinople) filled with churches, relics of saints, and icons.
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| What were the icons? | Religious painting of jesus, Mary, and other saints/holy figures.
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| How was the eastern orthodox related to the Roman Catholic Christianity? | Eastern orthodox came from the roman empire originally, so it shares many common elements with Roman Catholic Christianity
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| What were some of the elements? | Teachings of jesus, The bible, The sacrament,s A church hierarchy with patricians, bishops, and priest.
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| What were some other elements? | Missionaries, and Intolerance toward other religions
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| What are some facts about the Eastern Orthodox? | Byzantine empire, Greek, Priest grew long beards, priest could get married, Rejected the authority of the pope of rome.
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| What are some facts about the Roman Catholic? | Western Europe, Latin, Priests shaves, priest=celibate, Accepted the Roman Pope as the Sole authority for Christians everywhere.
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| When did the further separation came between the Eastern orthodox church and Roman catholic church? | 1054
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| What about both churches? | Both churches excommunicated each other, Declared that those in the opposing christian tradition were not real christians.
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| Byzantium & the world |
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| What did the byzantium face? | Faced many threats from outsiders.
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| Who were the outsiders? | Persian Empire, Arab armies/ the islamic world, Crusaders from Western Europe,
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| What was the biggest military weapon? | "Greek fire"
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| What was the weapon like? | Combination of oil soil, sulfur, and lime launched from bronze tubes, and worked like a flamethrower.
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| What was happening in Eurasia? | Central player in long-distance trade of Eurasia.
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| By who were the products made? | Products made by Byzantine craftspeople in high demand.
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| What were the products? | Jewelry, Gemstones, Silver and gold work, Purple dyes, Linen, woolen, and silk textiles,
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| What about Aristotle? | Significant cultural influence in the world.
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| What did he do? | Preserved ancient Greek learning and transmitted it to the Islamic world and Western Europe.
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| What did he also do? | Impacted scientist, Philosophers, theologians, and intellectuals.
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| What spread? | Spread of Eastern Orthodox religion --> especially to Slavic - speaking peoples in the Balkans and Russia.
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| Who created the slavic alphabet? | Cyril and Methodius
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| What did they called it? | Cyrillic script
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| What was significant about their creation? | Made it possible to translate the bible and other religious texts, and helped in mass conversion.
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| What was the alphabet called? | Cyrillic Alphabet
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| Conversion of Russia |
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| What was the Most significant expansion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity? | To kievan Rus
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| When did it happen? | Modern-day Ukraine and western Russia
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| What was the major city? | Kiev
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| How was the society? | Highly stratified society
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| By who was ruled? | It was ruled by many different princes
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| Who was prince Vladimir? | Prince of kiev
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| What about Prince Vladimir? | Wanted to bring a new faith to Rus that would unify the many diverse people of the region.
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| What did also wanted to do? | He also wanted to link Rus into wider networks of communication and exchange in the world.
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| Why was Prince Vladimir drawn to Eastern Orthodox Christianity? | The splendor and wealth of Constantinople. and the beauty of eastern orthodox churches
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| What did he received as a result of this conversion? | A sister of the byzantine emperor as a bride, Byzantine priest and advisors.
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| What did the kievan Rus adopted? | Kievan Rus consequently adopted many byzantine cultural elements.
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| What were some of the elements? | Architectural styles, Cyrillic alphabet, Use of icons, Monastic tradition stressing prayer and service, Idea of imperial/ state control of the church.
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