Biology Midterm Exam
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| The definition of Biology is | the study of life
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| The basic structural unit of life | cell
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| Examples of organisms are | humans, mammals, reptiles, (any living thing)
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| The characteristics of life are | 1.)Organization and presence of one or more cells2.)Response to a stimulus3.)Homeostasis4.)Metabolism5.)Growth and development6.)Reproduction7.)Change through time.
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| Asexual reproduction is | reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes; offspring are identical to parents
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| what composes the definition of living things? | the seven characteristics of life
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| What is homeostasis? | homeostasis is the maintaining of stable internal conditions
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| In the universal system of measurement, length is measured in | meters
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| What is the length of a kilometer? | 1,000 meters
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| A light microscope can extend the ability to see an object up to | 400 times
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| Hypothesis | a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions.
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| Observation | the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question.
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| experiment | used to test a hypothesis and its predictions.
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| data | a body of facts and information collected during an experiment
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| variable | the part of an experiment that is tested
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| control | a variable of comparison.
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| Theory | a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena.
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| conclusion | the final statement summarizing findings of an experiment
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| What is the sequence of steps for the scientific method?: | 1.)Observation2.)Hypothesis3.)Prediction4.)Experiment5.)Analyze6.)Conclusion
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| determine the steps of a controlled experiment | compares an experimental group and a control group and has independent and dependent variables.
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| determine the hypothesis, variables, and control group in an experiment | Find a statement explaining observations, and data can be treated. Now, compare variables to the control group
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| Nucleotide | a monomer of DNA and RNA with nitrogen, phosphate, and sugar
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| Hydrolysis | chemical decomposition in which a compound is split into other compounds by reacting with water.
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| Amino acid | building block or proteins; a class of organic compounds containing at least one amino group
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| Condensation reaction | a chemical reaction that produces H2O
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| Glucose | C6*H12*O6, simple sugar; a result of photosynthesis
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| Organic molecules that catalyze reactions in living systems are...._________ | enzymes
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| A compound found in living things that supplies the energy in its chemical bonds directly to cells is | glucose
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| Who coined the term “cell”? | Robert Hooke
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| This organism is believed to be the first photosynthetic organisms on earth | bacteria
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| Ribosome | cell organelle composed of RNA and Protein; the site of protein synthesize
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | a system of flattened sacs with ribosome’s that produce phospholipids and proteins.
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | builds lipids; has no ribosome’s
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| Nucleus | control center of cell; contains genetic information.
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| Golgi apparatus | a system of flattened membranous eukaryotic sacs containing new proteins or lipids; modifies proteins for export.
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| Lysosome | vesicles containing digestive enzymes; found in animal cells
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| Mitochondrion | organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP; produce energy; power house of the cell (sit of aerobic respiration).
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| what is the difference between cilia and flagella? | Cilia: hair-like structures that assist in cell movement.Flagella: whip-like tail; assist in cell movement.
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| Fatty acid | .
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| Dipeptide | .
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| Disaccharide | .
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| Water | .
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| Nucleotide | .
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| A chain of 50 or more amino acids would be called a....________ | polypeptide
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| A solution with a pH of 2 would be best described as being | acidic
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| what determines the speed or rate of a chemical reaction? | activation energy, temperature, and pH.
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| Animal and plant cells are examples of (prokaryotes or eukaryotes) | eukaryotes
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| Give examples of eukaryotes and prokaryotes | example of a prokaryotic cell: bacterial cell.example of a eukaryotic cell: plant and animal cell
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| Prokaryotes belong to the kingdom | archaebacteria and monera
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| whats the differences between RNA and DNA? | RNA: moves through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm to carry out functions, ribonucleic acid, single helix.DNA: contains genetic information; found in nucleus; transcribed into RNA; double helix; deoxyribonucleic acid
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| Another name for the membrane that surrounds the organelles and the cell is | plasma membrane.
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| The "head" of the membrane bilayer molecule is | hydrophilic
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| Water is (polar or nonpolar) | polar
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| The term used to state that a cell only allows certain substances in and out is | selectively permeable.
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| Which is more efficient – large cell or a small cell? | small cell
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| parts of the Cell Theory | 1.) All living things are composed of cells.2.) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism.3.) Cells come only from the reproduction of other cells.
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| Free ribosomes make..._____ | protein
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| The golgi apparatus is responsible for | packages, processes, and secretes proteins for export.
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| Smooth E.R. makes | lipids and calcium
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| Rough E.R. contains ribosomes that make | proteins(digestive enzymes)
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| Chloroplasts are the site of ______ synthesis? | Photo
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| Prokaryote organisms are (multicellular or unicellular) | unicellular
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| The nucleolus is the site of _______ synthesis | ribosome
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| _______ contain digestive enzymes and get rid of toxins and old organelles | lysosomes
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| that have a high energy requirement generally have many | mitochondrion
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| Organelles that are surrounded by two membranes and contain DNA are the | nucleus and plastids.
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| Cells that form the surface coverings of animal bodies constitute | epithelial tissue (skin)
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| The process in which cells become restricted to carrying out one or a few functions is called cell | specialization.
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| The stomach is an example of the level of organization called | an organ.
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| Who proposed the “Fluid Mosaic Model”? | Singer and Nicholson
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| Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have ribosomes. (T or F) | true.
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| The DNA in prokaryotes is non-existent(T or F) | false.
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| A functional group changes the structure of a compound but does not alter its chemical properties(T or F) | true
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| Skin is a type of lipid (T or F) | false
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| Glucose is a monosaccharide (T or F) | true
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| Cellulose is a type of carbohydrate. (T or F) | true
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| In a triple bond, three pairs of electrons are shared between three atoms (T or F) | false
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| Amino acids become linked together by peptide bonds during hydrolysis reactions (T or F) | false
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| Nucleic acids function primarily to carry genetic instructions and direct cellular activities (T or F) | true
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| DNA contains a five carbon sugar called________ | deoxyribose
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| Water clings to itself in a property called_________ | cohesion
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| Hydrogen bonding: | the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge.(weak bond)
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| When sodium chloride is dissolved in water, the sodium ions: | disassociate.
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| Organic compounds contain: | Carbon atoms.
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| ATP releases energy when: | a covalent bond is broken.
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| The slight positive and slight negative charge in a molecule results in the molecule being called: | polar
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| Energy associated with movement is called: | kinetic energy.
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| Taken together, all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in a plant or animal cell are called: | metabolism.
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| What is a heterotroph? What is an autotroph? | heterotroph: organisms that can't produce their own food; get energy from other foods.autotrophs: organisms that use energy from photosynthesis as food
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| The first living organism on earth was most likely a: | bacteria.
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| Adaptation: | the ability of a species to survive in a particular environment.
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| The theory that species change over time is: | evolution
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| The branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and their environment is called: | ecology.
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| An example of asexual reproduction is: | binary fission
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| A way to produce new cells in multicellular organisms is called: | mitosis
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| Sexual reproduction involves the mixing of_______ between mates. | gametes
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| Bacteria go through a special kind of sexual reproduction called: | conjugation
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| The specialized structure that bacteria use to transfer plasmids between each other and also for attachment to host cells is called the: | conjugation tubule.
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| When genetic information is passed from parent to offspring, the process is called: | sexual reproduction.
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| In DNA, adenine always pairs with: | thymine.
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| In RNA, adenine always pairs with: | uracil
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| In DNA or RNA, guanine always pairs with: | cytosine.
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| Cells contain membrane bound structures that have a specific function called: | organelles.
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| What it the sum total of all chemical reactions?: | metabolism.
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| This is a chemical reaction that breaks down a substance: | hydrolysis
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| _________maintains a stable internal environment by controlling metabolism | Homeostasis
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| ________ is a protein that lowers activation energy for reactions to occur. | Enzyme
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| If the temperature gets too hot, the protein will: | denature
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| If the temperature gets too cold, the protein will: | denature.
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| Always carry the microscope by its arm and the: | base
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| In order to obtain the correct magnification for a compound microscope you must multiply the_________ by the objective lens. | ocular
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| When you first put a slide on the stage for viewing, you must use the __________ to focus. | 4x or 10x objectives
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| The stage clips are for holding the ________in place | slide
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| The _________is adjusted to let more or less light into the viewing area. | diaphragm
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| The ___________ moves the objective around | revolving nosepiece
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| What is the magnifying power of the ocular lens?: | 10x
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| The __________ is an empty tube for light to pass through | body tube
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| This combined with the ocular lens gives the total magnification: | objective.
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| The membrane component that allows larger materials in and out of the cell is called: | carrier protein.
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| The lipid bilayer contains two general types of proteins: | peripheral and integral
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| The membrane component that binds with messengers and allows messages into the cell is called: | integral protein
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| A ________ protein is embedded in the membrane | integral
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| A _________ protein sticks out at the interior and exterior of a cell. | carrier
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| ______ are the building blocks of molecules. | Atoms.
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| A _____is many basic units put together. | cell
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| Cells are different sizes and shapes due to their: | functions
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| What type of cell lacks a nucleus, and contains plasmids and ribosomes?: | prokaryotic cell.
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| What type of cell has a cell wall, contains plastids and large vacuoles?: | plant cells.
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| What kind of cell has a cell membrane, mitochondria and small vacuoles?: | animal cells.
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| Chlorophyll A absorbs: | more red light and less blue light.
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| The photosystems and electron transport chains are located in the: | thylakoid membrane
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| Both photosystem I and photosystem II contain: | pigments of Chlorophyll A.
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| Water participates directly in the light reactions of photosynthesis by: | providing H+ atoms.
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| The energy that is used to establish the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane comes from | the excited electrons as they pass along the electron transport chain of photosystem II.
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| What reaction is catalyzed by RuBP carboxylase?: | CO2 fixation (Kreb's Cycle)
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| Electrons needed to reestablish the cholorphyll in photosystem II come from: | splitting of water molecules.
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| Oxygen is a product of the process of: | Photosynthesis.
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| The number of phosphate groups in an ADP molecule is: | 2
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| The ultimate source of energy for almost all living things is: | the sun.
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| Carotenoids: | light absorbing accessory pigments in photosynthesis
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| ATP synthase: | an enzyme located in the thylakoid membrane, makes ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP.
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| Photosystem: | protein complex in thylakoid membrane; helps with photosynthesis; only in plant cells
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| PGAL: | a 3 carbon compound, 2nd step of Calvin cycle
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| RuBP: | Ribulose bisphospate, a 5 carbon substrate involved in carbon fixation; 1st step in Calvin cycle.
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| Visible spectrum: | the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by the human eye.
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| Chlorophyll: | a green pigment present in most plants; used in photosynthesis
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| Biochemical pathway: | a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is used in the next reaction.
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| What product of the light reactions of photosynthesis is released and does not participate further in photosynthesis?: | oxygen.
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| Where does the energy required for the Calvin cycle originate?: | ATP +NADPH.
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| Proteins are moved into the thylakoid using energy from: | excited electrons of PGAL
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| Carbon atoms are fixed into organic compounds in what cycle: | Calvin cycle
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| To produce the same amount of carbohydrate, C4 plants require less: | H2O
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| Citric acid: | 6 carbon; formed in Krebs Cycle; intermediate in the metabolism of carbohydrates.
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| Fermentation: | cells make limited amounts of ATP by converting glucose into lactic acid or ethyl alcohol- anaerobic respiration.
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| NAD+: | 2 molecules of nicoeinamde and dinucleotide; accepts electrons during redox reactions.
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| Cytosol: | aqueous fluid bathes organelles inside of cell membrane
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| Cell membrane: | lipid bilayer that surrounds cell.
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| Aerobic respiration: | the use of oxygen in the breakdown of something to create energy.
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| Glycolysis: | glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid
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| Kilocalorie: | 1,000 calories, often measures energy
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| In aerobic respiration, glucose is converted into _____________when they enter the Kreb's cycle. | 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
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| What are the products of lactic acid fermentation in yeasts?: | ethyl alcohol and CO2
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| cellular respiration: | uses energy in organic compound to produce ATP.
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| Know the amounts of ATP's produced in each stage of cellular respiration: | 3 units of ATP
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| What molecules donate electrons to the electron transport chain?: | FADH2 + NADPH
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| The breakdown of organic compounds to produce ATP is: | cellular respiration.
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| What does glycolysis produce? | ATP
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| What molecule is generated from lactic acid and alcoholic fermentations?: | NAD+.
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| During glycolysis (aerobic respiration), pyruvic acid produces CO2, NADH, H+, and: | PGAL.
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| The electron transport chain is driven by what two products?: | NADPH and FADH2.
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| What happens to electrons as they are transported along the electron transport chain?: | electrons loose energy.
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| The energy efficiency of aerobic respiration is: | 39%.
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| Where does glycolysis take place?: | cytosol of cell.
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| During glycolysis, glucose is: | oxidized.
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| Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation produce: | NAD.
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| The efficiency of glycolysis is: | 2%
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| Describe anaerobic pathways and products. | Anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen. It produces nearly 20 times as much ATP as is produced by glycoysis alone.
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| Pyruvic acid is a product of what reaction?: | glycolysis
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| Aerobic respiration requires: | Oxygen
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| What is the final product of the Krebs cycle?: | NADH, ATP, FADH.
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| Where is most amount of ATP generated in cellular respiration?: | the electron transport chain.
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| What is the name for the initial phase of aerobic and anaerobic respirations?: | Glycolysis
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| How much energy is produced in fermentation vs. aerobic respiration?: | 38 ATP molecules
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| How much energy is gained through glycolysis?: | 2 ATP molecules
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| The citric acid cycle completes the breakdown of glucose to: | CO2 and H2O
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| Which cycle yields the most energy?: | Krebs cycle.
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