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Biology Midterm Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The definition of Biology is | the study of life |
| The basic structural unit of life | cell |
| Examples of organisms are | humans, mammals, reptiles, (any living thing) |
| The characteristics of life are | 1.)Organization and presence of one or more cells2.)Response to a stimulus3.)Homeostasis4.)Metabolism5.)Growth and development6.)Reproduction7.)Change through time. |
| Asexual reproduction is | reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes; offspring are identical to parents |
| what composes the definition of living things? | the seven characteristics of life |
| What is homeostasis? | homeostasis is the maintaining of stable internal conditions |
| In the universal system of measurement, length is measured in | meters |
| What is the length of a kilometer? | 1,000 meters |
| A light microscope can extend the ability to see an object up to | 400 times |
| Hypothesis | a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions. |
| Observation | the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question. |
| experiment | used to test a hypothesis and its predictions. |
| data | a body of facts and information collected during an experiment |
| variable | the part of an experiment that is tested |
| control | a variable of comparison. |
| Theory | a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena. |
| conclusion | the final statement summarizing findings of an experiment |
| What is the sequence of steps for the scientific method?: | 1.)Observation2.)Hypothesis3.)Prediction4.)Experiment5.)Analyze6.)Conclusion |
| determine the steps of a controlled experiment | compares an experimental group and a control group and has independent and dependent variables. |
| determine the hypothesis, variables, and control group in an experiment | Find a statement explaining observations, and data can be treated. Now, compare variables to the control group |
| Nucleotide | a monomer of DNA and RNA with nitrogen, phosphate, and sugar |
| Hydrolysis | chemical decomposition in which a compound is split into other compounds by reacting with water. |
| Amino acid | building block or proteins; a class of organic compounds containing at least one amino group |
| Condensation reaction | a chemical reaction that produces H2O |
| Glucose | C6*H12*O6, simple sugar; a result of photosynthesis |
| Organic molecules that catalyze reactions in living systems are...._________ | enzymes |
| A compound found in living things that supplies the energy in its chemical bonds directly to cells is | glucose |
| Who coined the term “cell”? | Robert Hooke |
| This organism is believed to be the first photosynthetic organisms on earth | bacteria |
| Ribosome | cell organelle composed of RNA and Protein; the site of protein synthesize |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | a system of flattened sacs with ribosome’s that produce phospholipids and proteins. |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | builds lipids; has no ribosome’s |
| Nucleus | control center of cell; contains genetic information. |
| Golgi apparatus | a system of flattened membranous eukaryotic sacs containing new proteins or lipids; modifies proteins for export. |
| Lysosome | vesicles containing digestive enzymes; found in animal cells |
| Mitochondrion | organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP; produce energy; power house of the cell (sit of aerobic respiration). |
| what is the difference between cilia and flagella? | Cilia: hair-like structures that assist in cell movement.Flagella: whip-like tail; assist in cell movement. |
| Fatty acid | . |
| Dipeptide | . |
| Disaccharide | . |
| Water | . |
| Nucleotide | . |
| A chain of 50 or more amino acids would be called a....________ | polypeptide |
| A solution with a pH of 2 would be best described as being | acidic |
| what determines the speed or rate of a chemical reaction? | activation energy, temperature, and pH. |
| Animal and plant cells are examples of (prokaryotes or eukaryotes) | eukaryotes |
| Give examples of eukaryotes and prokaryotes | example of a prokaryotic cell: bacterial cell.example of a eukaryotic cell: plant and animal cell |
| Prokaryotes belong to the kingdom | archaebacteria and monera |
| whats the differences between RNA and DNA? | RNA: moves through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm to carry out functions, ribonucleic acid, single helix.DNA: contains genetic information; found in nucleus; transcribed into RNA; double helix; deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Another name for the membrane that surrounds the organelles and the cell is | plasma membrane. |
| The "head" of the membrane bilayer molecule is | hydrophilic |
| Water is (polar or nonpolar) | polar |
| The term used to state that a cell only allows certain substances in and out is | selectively permeable. |
| Which is more efficient – large cell or a small cell? | small cell |
| parts of the Cell Theory | 1.) All living things are composed of cells.2.) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism.3.) Cells come only from the reproduction of other cells. |
| Free ribosomes make..._____ | protein |
| The golgi apparatus is responsible for | packages, processes, and secretes proteins for export. |
| Smooth E.R. makes | lipids and calcium |
| Rough E.R. contains ribosomes that make | proteins(digestive enzymes) |
| Chloroplasts are the site of ______ synthesis? | Photo |
| Prokaryote organisms are (multicellular or unicellular) | unicellular |
| The nucleolus is the site of _______ synthesis | ribosome |
| _______ contain digestive enzymes and get rid of toxins and old organelles | lysosomes |
| that have a high energy requirement generally have many | mitochondrion |
| Organelles that are surrounded by two membranes and contain DNA are the | nucleus and plastids. |
| Cells that form the surface coverings of animal bodies constitute | epithelial tissue (skin) |
| The process in which cells become restricted to carrying out one or a few functions is called cell | specialization. |
| The stomach is an example of the level of organization called | an organ. |
| Who proposed the “Fluid Mosaic Model”? | Singer and Nicholson |
| Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have ribosomes. (T or F) | true. |
| The DNA in prokaryotes is non-existent(T or F) | false. |
| A functional group changes the structure of a compound but does not alter its chemical properties(T or F) | true |
| Skin is a type of lipid (T or F) | false |
| Glucose is a monosaccharide (T or F) | true |
| Cellulose is a type of carbohydrate. (T or F) | true |
| In a triple bond, three pairs of electrons are shared between three atoms (T or F) | false |
| Amino acids become linked together by peptide bonds during hydrolysis reactions (T or F) | false |
| Nucleic acids function primarily to carry genetic instructions and direct cellular activities (T or F) | true |
| DNA contains a five carbon sugar called________ | deoxyribose |
| Water clings to itself in a property called_________ | cohesion |
| Hydrogen bonding: | the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge.(weak bond) |
| When sodium chloride is dissolved in water, the sodium ions: | disassociate. |
| Organic compounds contain: | Carbon atoms. |
| ATP releases energy when: | a covalent bond is broken. |
| The slight positive and slight negative charge in a molecule results in the molecule being called: | polar |
| Energy associated with movement is called: | kinetic energy. |
| Taken together, all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in a plant or animal cell are called: | metabolism. |
| What is a heterotroph? What is an autotroph? | heterotroph: organisms that can't produce their own food; get energy from other foods.autotrophs: organisms that use energy from photosynthesis as food |
| The first living organism on earth was most likely a: | bacteria. |
| Adaptation: | the ability of a species to survive in a particular environment. |
| The theory that species change over time is: | evolution |
| The branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and their environment is called: | ecology. |
| An example of asexual reproduction is: | binary fission |
| A way to produce new cells in multicellular organisms is called: | mitosis |
| Sexual reproduction involves the mixing of_______ between mates. | gametes |
| Bacteria go through a special kind of sexual reproduction called: | conjugation |
| The specialized structure that bacteria use to transfer plasmids between each other and also for attachment to host cells is called the: | conjugation tubule. |
| When genetic information is passed from parent to offspring, the process is called: | sexual reproduction. |
| In DNA, adenine always pairs with: | thymine. |
| In RNA, adenine always pairs with: | uracil |
| In DNA or RNA, guanine always pairs with: | cytosine. |
| Cells contain membrane bound structures that have a specific function called: | organelles. |
| What it the sum total of all chemical reactions?: | metabolism. |
| This is a chemical reaction that breaks down a substance: | hydrolysis |
| _________maintains a stable internal environment by controlling metabolism | Homeostasis |
| ________ is a protein that lowers activation energy for reactions to occur. | Enzyme |
| If the temperature gets too hot, the protein will: | denature |
| If the temperature gets too cold, the protein will: | denature. |
| Always carry the microscope by its arm and the: | base |
| In order to obtain the correct magnification for a compound microscope you must multiply the_________ by the objective lens. | ocular |
| When you first put a slide on the stage for viewing, you must use the __________ to focus. | 4x or 10x objectives |
| The stage clips are for holding the ________in place | slide |
| The _________is adjusted to let more or less light into the viewing area. | diaphragm |
| The ___________ moves the objective around | revolving nosepiece |
| What is the magnifying power of the ocular lens?: | 10x |
| The __________ is an empty tube for light to pass through | body tube |
| This combined with the ocular lens gives the total magnification: | objective. |
| The membrane component that allows larger materials in and out of the cell is called: | carrier protein. |
| The lipid bilayer contains two general types of proteins: | peripheral and integral |
| The membrane component that binds with messengers and allows messages into the cell is called: | integral protein |
| A ________ protein is embedded in the membrane | integral |
| A _________ protein sticks out at the interior and exterior of a cell. | carrier |
| ______ are the building blocks of molecules. | Atoms. |
| A _____is many basic units put together. | cell |
| Cells are different sizes and shapes due to their: | functions |
| What type of cell lacks a nucleus, and contains plasmids and ribosomes?: | prokaryotic cell. |
| What type of cell has a cell wall, contains plastids and large vacuoles?: | plant cells. |
| What kind of cell has a cell membrane, mitochondria and small vacuoles?: | animal cells. |
| Chlorophyll A absorbs: | more red light and less blue light. |
| The photosystems and electron transport chains are located in the: | thylakoid membrane |
| Both photosystem I and photosystem II contain: | pigments of Chlorophyll A. |
| Water participates directly in the light reactions of photosynthesis by: | providing H+ atoms. |
| The energy that is used to establish the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane comes from | the excited electrons as they pass along the electron transport chain of photosystem II. |
| What reaction is catalyzed by RuBP carboxylase?: | CO2 fixation (Kreb's Cycle) |
| Electrons needed to reestablish the cholorphyll in photosystem II come from: | splitting of water molecules. |
| Oxygen is a product of the process of: | Photosynthesis. |
| The number of phosphate groups in an ADP molecule is: | 2 |
| The ultimate source of energy for almost all living things is: | the sun. |
| Carotenoids: | light absorbing accessory pigments in photosynthesis |
| ATP synthase: | an enzyme located in the thylakoid membrane, makes ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP. |
| Photosystem: | protein complex in thylakoid membrane; helps with photosynthesis; only in plant cells |
| PGAL: | a 3 carbon compound, 2nd step of Calvin cycle |
| RuBP: | Ribulose bisphospate, a 5 carbon substrate involved in carbon fixation; 1st step in Calvin cycle. |
| Visible spectrum: | the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by the human eye. |
| Chlorophyll: | a green pigment present in most plants; used in photosynthesis |
| Biochemical pathway: | a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is used in the next reaction. |
| What product of the light reactions of photosynthesis is released and does not participate further in photosynthesis?: | oxygen. |
| Where does the energy required for the Calvin cycle originate?: | ATP +NADPH. |
| Proteins are moved into the thylakoid using energy from: | excited electrons of PGAL |
| Carbon atoms are fixed into organic compounds in what cycle: | Calvin cycle |
| To produce the same amount of carbohydrate, C4 plants require less: | H2O |
| Citric acid: | 6 carbon; formed in Krebs Cycle; intermediate in the metabolism of carbohydrates. |
| Fermentation: | cells make limited amounts of ATP by converting glucose into lactic acid or ethyl alcohol- anaerobic respiration. |
| NAD+: | 2 molecules of nicoeinamde and dinucleotide; accepts electrons during redox reactions. |
| Cytosol: | aqueous fluid bathes organelles inside of cell membrane |
| Cell membrane: | lipid bilayer that surrounds cell. |
| Aerobic respiration: | the use of oxygen in the breakdown of something to create energy. |
| Glycolysis: | glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid |
| Kilocalorie: | 1,000 calories, often measures energy |
| In aerobic respiration, glucose is converted into _____________when they enter the Kreb's cycle. | 2 molecules of pyruvic acid |
| What are the products of lactic acid fermentation in yeasts?: | ethyl alcohol and CO2 |
| cellular respiration: | uses energy in organic compound to produce ATP. |
| Know the amounts of ATP's produced in each stage of cellular respiration: | 3 units of ATP |
| What molecules donate electrons to the electron transport chain?: | FADH2 + NADPH |
| The breakdown of organic compounds to produce ATP is: | cellular respiration. |
| What does glycolysis produce? | ATP |
| What molecule is generated from lactic acid and alcoholic fermentations?: | NAD+. |
| During glycolysis (aerobic respiration), pyruvic acid produces CO2, NADH, H+, and: | PGAL. |
| The electron transport chain is driven by what two products?: | NADPH and FADH2. |
| What happens to electrons as they are transported along the electron transport chain?: | electrons loose energy. |
| The energy efficiency of aerobic respiration is: | 39%. |
| Where does glycolysis take place?: | cytosol of cell. |
| During glycolysis, glucose is: | oxidized. |
| Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation produce: | NAD. |
| The efficiency of glycolysis is: | 2% |
| Describe anaerobic pathways and products. | Anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen. It produces nearly 20 times as much ATP as is produced by glycoysis alone. |
| Pyruvic acid is a product of what reaction?: | glycolysis |
| Aerobic respiration requires: | Oxygen |
| What is the final product of the Krebs cycle?: | NADH, ATP, FADH. |
| Where is most amount of ATP generated in cellular respiration?: | the electron transport chain. |
| What is the name for the initial phase of aerobic and anaerobic respirations?: | Glycolysis |
| How much energy is produced in fermentation vs. aerobic respiration?: | 38 ATP molecules |
| How much energy is gained through glycolysis?: | 2 ATP molecules |
| The citric acid cycle completes the breakdown of glucose to: | CO2 and H2O |
| Which cycle yields the most energy?: | Krebs cycle. |
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