Unit 3 vocab
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| show | Secret ballot tabulated at expense of public. First introduced to US in 1888, it is now used everywhere.
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| show | Committee of members of the House and Senate that organize and help finance election campaigns.
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| critical election | show 🗑
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| show | A major American political party that evolved from the Democratic-Republican group supporting Thomas Jefferson.
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| show | In American government, a system in which presidential administrations of one party are opposed by Congressional majorities of the opposing party. The term is used to describe the persistence of such election results over time; either party combination.
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| fireside chat | show 🗑
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| independent | show 🗑
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| linkage institutions | show 🗑
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| multi-member electoral districts | show 🗑
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| show | A national political party's standing committee that directs and coordinates the party's activities during the period between national party conventions.
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| national convention | show 🗑
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| show | A collection of groups who joined together to support Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal, including Catholics, Jews, union members, Southerners, people of lower income, middle-class urban liberals, and African Americans.
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| show | The term refers to a time characterized by the absence of a dominant political party.
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| party identification | show 🗑
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| show | A political party's structure and leadership. It includes election committees; executives at local, state, and national levels; and staff.
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| show | A document prepared by a political party, outlining its policies and objectives and used to win voter support during a political campaign. Candidates do not feel obligated to fulfill the items laid out in a platform if elected to office.
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| party-in-electorate | show 🗑
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| party-in-government | show 🗑
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| patronage | show 🗑
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| platform | show 🗑
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| political party | show 🗑
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| political ward | show 🗑
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| precinct | show 🗑
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| show | Came together to elect Reagan in 1980 and 1984. Included people from middle class suburbs, social and religious conservatives, white Southerners, business people and professionals, and blue-collar workers who had once been Democrats. Fell apart by 1992.
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| show | The shifting of public sentiment that puts one party ahead of a previously dominant other party.
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| Republican (party) | show 🗑
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| show | Refers to the 1994 Congressional election in which Republicans turned around the 1992 Democratic gains, gaining 52 seats in the House and 8 seats in the Senate.
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| show | Political parties that focus on one issue, such as today's Right to Life party.
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| single-member district | show 🗑
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| spin-off party | show 🗑
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| splinter party | show 🗑
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| sustaining election | show 🗑
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| show | Political party other than two main parties. Third parties are usually made up of independent voters and dissatisfied members of one or both major parties. They are larger, have more influence, and have more effect on election results than minor parties.
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| ticket splitting | show 🗑
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| two-party system | show 🗑
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| show | Influential political party active form about 1836-1850, including most opposed to Jacksonian policies; fell apart because of ineffectual unity in face of slavery.
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| 15th Amendment | show 🗑
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| 19th Amendment | show 🗑
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| 24th Amendment | show 🗑
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| show | The amendment (1971) that lowers the legal voting age to 18 for all national, state, and local elections.
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| "beauty contest" | show 🗑
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| show | The practice of adding together maximum individual campaign contributions to increase their effect.
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| caucus | show 🗑
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| closed primary | show 🗑
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| show | The influence of a popular or unpopular candidate or elected official on the electoral success or failure of candidates on the same party ticket.
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| credentials committee | show 🗑
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| show | The ability to cast a vote in a primary for a candidate from any party. Voters can do this in open primary states.
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| show | Person on the partisan slate, selected according to state laws and the applicable political party apparatus, who casts ballots for president and vice president. The number of electors in each state = that state's # of reps in both houses of Congress.
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| electoral college | show 🗑
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| eligible voter | show 🗑
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| show | A factor contributing to low-voter turnout. Since voter turnout rates are based on statistics counting all potential or eligible voters, rather than registered voters, an expanding electorate negatively impacts the overall voter turnout rate.
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| show | Permits Washington, D.C., to have as many electors as a state of comparable population.
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| show | Granting of voting rights to more and more members of society.
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| show | Act pssd in 72 tht cntrls the raising and spending of funds 4 campaigns. 2nd act passed in 74 imposed + reforms: Fed Election Com; pblc fnncng 4 prez primaries & gen elections; lim prez cmpgn spndng; lim contribs by cits & grps; rqrng dsclsr of contribs.
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| show | A small group of people in a moderator-led discussion that gathers feelings, opinions, and responses to specific candidates and political or economic issues.
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| show | The presidential candidate considered to have the lead at any given time in an election.
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| show | The practice of scheduling presidential primary elections during early parts of election campaign to increase the amount of influence that certain states or regions exert on the nomination.
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| gender gap | show 🗑
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| gerrymandering | show 🗑
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| show | Law passed in 1939 that limited contributions to political parties and spending by political parties. Made it illegal for individuals and companies under contract with the federal government to contribute to political candidates or to political parties.
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| indirect election | show 🗑
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| show | The first caucus of the presidential campaign season, which is closely watched and strongly contested.
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| show | Casting a vote for a candidate primarily due to his or her stand on a particular issue of importance to the voter.
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| show | The acceptance of a government's right to rule by the people the government rules
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| low voter turnout | show 🗑
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| majority method | show 🗑
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| show | Principle of democracy asserting that a simple majority, 50 percent plus one, should select public officials and determine the actions of their government. sometimes special majorities are needed.
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| Motor Voter Law (1993) | show 🗑
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| show | The first primary of the presidential election season. It is watched closely and contested strongly.
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| open primary | show 🗑
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| show | One of the articles, or statements, in a party platform.plurality
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| show | More votes than any other candidate but less than fifty percent. It's possible to win an election with a plurality (and not a majority) of votes in most national, state, and local elections.
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| plurality method | show 🗑
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| show | A method used in some Southern states. If no candidate receives a majority vote, a second, runoff election is held between the two highest vote-getters.
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| show | A paid professional whom a political candidate, party, or campaign hires to develop a campaign strategy and manage the campaign's activities and efforts. The political consultant's primary concern is the image of the politician, party, or campaign.
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| show | Series of televised debates generally held once the two major parties (or sometimes three, as has happened recently) select their candidates for president.
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| presidential primary | show 🗑
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| show | A preliminary election in which voters narrow the field of candidates for specific offices.
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| proportional representation | show 🗑
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| show | When people decide that the influence their single vote will have on an outcome is too small to justify the amount of work necessary to gather information and reason through it in order to cast an intelligent, informed vote.
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| reapportionment | show 🗑
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| show | Eligible voters. Registration helps determine that people meet certain legal requirements before voting, such as age, citizenship, and residency.
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| show | Listing the names of eligible voters. Registration helps determine that people meet certain legal requirements before voting, such as age, citizenship, and residency.
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| show | Legal barriers enforced on all potential voters. See registration.
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| socioeconomic status | show 🗑
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| show | Contributions that get through laws setting maximum campaign contributions b/c given to parties and party committees for general party activities, instead of to a specific candidate. The party can then use this money for said candidate if wished.
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| Super Tuesday | show 🗑
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| show | A party leader or election official who's granted the right to vote at a party's national convention due to the leader's political position, not due to an election at state level.
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| show | The term refers to those voters who are uncommitted to a particular party or candidate up until election time. Political advertising is often used to try and capture the allegiances of these undecided voters.
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| telescoping effect | show 🗑
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| tracking poll | show 🗑
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| voter turnout | show 🗑
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| Voting Rights Act (1965) | show 🗑
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| winner-take-all | show 🗑
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| reapportionment 1 | show 🗑
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| show | Population changes within states must be significant enough to justify the change. This is determined through a mathematical formula that considers the nation's total population and the 435 seats the Constitution allows the House.
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| reapportionment 3 | show 🗑
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| reapportionment 4 | show 🗑
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| amicus curiae brief | show 🗑
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| collective good | show 🗑
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| direct technique | show 🗑
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| economic interest group | show 🗑
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| Federal Election Campaign Act | show 🗑
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| Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act (1946) | show 🗑
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| free-rider problem | show 🗑
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| show | see: legislative gridlock
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| show | A person who holds an office or an official position.
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| show | The use by interest groups of third parties to influence government officials and their decisions.
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| interest group/lobby | show 🗑
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| show | A three-way alliance between political organizations or agents. Generally, iron triangles hinder the political process by putting their own interests > national interests.
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| labor movement | show 🗑
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| legislative gridlock | show 🗑
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| show | Efforts by individuals or organizations to pass, defeat, change, or influence the crafting of laws and the decisions, policies, and actions of the government.
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| show | An economic motivation for doing something.
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| show | Grp tht gvs $ cllctd frm mmbrs 2 pltcl cnddts or prts. Cmmtte on Pltcl Edctn frm the 1940s begn mvmnt. FECA of 1974 athrzd PACs - could give as much as $5,000 to as many as 5 candidates in a fedelection, as long as the$ was donated by at least 50 donors.
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| show | A theory of American politics in which organized special interest groups dominate government. It tends to have a business or upper-class bias.
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| private interest group | show 🗑
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| show | A type of private interest group that works to further the interests of government employees.
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| show | To the benefit of the members of a community. Generally, something in the public interest is in contrast with something that's in the best interests of a private person, group, or organization.
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| show | A category of interest group that work on issues that affect broad segments of the populations. Public interest groups often form as social movements mature.
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| show | A motivation that's dependent on ethical beliefs, values, or ideological principles.
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| show | Material benefits available to members of an interest group. These are given to avoid the "free-rider" problem.
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| social movement | show 🗑
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| show | Motivation based on shared associations, hobbies, or interests
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| show | Financial aid gov gives to indivs, business firms, groups, or other levels of government. Subsidies can be direct (money is given directly to the other party) or indirect, as is the case when tariffs are levied against a company's foreign competitors.
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| 1st Amendment | show 🗑
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| show | Political advertising that denounces a candidate's opponent by name
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| Communications Decency Act (1996) | show 🗑
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| show | Radio and television broadcasting media. The term derives from their method of transmission, in contrast to print media.
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| Federal Communications Commission | show 🗑
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| show | Process through which the media attack politicians or candidates whose performance or character has been called into question. Through such activity, journalists b/c newsmakers as much as reporters, propelling some politicians to power and others to ruin.
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| freedom of the press | show 🗑
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| show | The power of national media to control the public agenda by deciding what the public will learn about. It gains this power by choosing which topics to report on.
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| William Randolph Hearst | show 🗑
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| show | Media coverage of presidential primaries with an emphasis on who's leading, who's behind, and who's dropped out.
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| investigative journalism | show 🗑
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| show | Political advertisement focusing on a specific issue rather than on a particular candidate.
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| show | The 1960 presidential election debates between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon. TV went for Kennedy, radio for Nixon. These debates were a turning point in the identification of the power of television as a political medium.
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| show | Slander. Libel is usually dealt with in civil courts, though sometimes cases go to criminal courts. The truth of a statement is generally considered a suitable defense against charges of libel. The 1st gives press limited freedom from libel actions.
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| managed news | show 🗑
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| show | Gov has no role in controlling the flow of ideas, arguments, or opinions that occur in society. If left unhindered this will eventually result in the best ideas rising to the top. Main justification of the freedom of the press. Developed by JSMill.
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| show | See Also: spin doctor
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| media event | show 🗑
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| show | A journalist or writer who investigates and exposes wrongdoings and excesses of corporations and the government.
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| narrowcasting | show 🗑
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| national newspaper chain | show 🗑
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| personal attack rule | show 🗑
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| show | Advertising a political candidate via mass media. Political advertising is a very influential, controversial, sophisticated, and lucrative industry.
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| show | Represents the White House to the media. The press secretary writes news releases, sets up press conferences, and acts as an intermediary between the White House and the nation (through the press) in the dissemination of information from the White House.
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| prior restraint | show 🗑
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| show | Issues members of a political community consider worthy of public attention and governmental action. The media has a great deal of influence on the public agenda.
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| sedition | show 🗑
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| show | A short, catchy, memorable statement that news broadcasters can easily fit into their coverage of political events.
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| spin | show 🗑
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| show | An adviser to a political campaign who tries to persuade journalists of a particular interpretation of events that puts a candidate, politician, or party in a favorable light, or the opposing candidates, politicians, or parties in a negative one.
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| spot ad | show 🗑
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| watchdog function | show 🗑
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| White House press corps | show 🗑
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| show | Sensationalistic and irresponsible journalism, often associated with William Randolph Hearst, but seen widely throughout the press.
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