history midterm
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| Flagellants | They beat themselves with sticks and whips and adopted other forms of self-abuse as punishment for their supposed sins.
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| Simony | The buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges. Simony is also buying church offices. Giovanni was already a cardinal at the age of 16. This was a result of simony engaged in by his father Lorenzo.
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| Sandro Botticelli | He was an Italian painter of the early Renaissance. He worked on the frescoes in the Sistine chapel. He also included himself in his paintings.
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| Michelangelo | He was a famous painter Architect, poet and sculpture. His most famous works where "David" and "pieta" staue and the Sistine chapel frescoes.
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| Babylonian Captivity | The French kings controlled the papacy for nearly 70 years beginning in 1309
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| Nepotism | A higher power shows favoritism towards a relative. This is significant because if you are the pope and you get to choose the cardinal. You would choose a relative over a person better suited for that position.
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| Indulgences | Papers that you could buy from the pope that would get you out of purgatory. Many people disagreed with indulgences you can't buy your way out of purgatory.
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| Machiavelli | Ruled Florence after the Medici exile. He is most famous for writing the book "Prince" in prison.
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| Inquisition | They were people run by the government but established by the Catholic Church. They were ordered to seek out people that were believed to be guilty of heresy.
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| Galileo | Was a personal tutor to the Medici family. Galileo tried to publish his heliocentric theory in the dialogue of the 2 world system he also created a book of his theory.
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| Jan Huss | A religious thinker&reformer.Initiated a reform movement based on ideas of JohnWycliffeTheCatholicChurch did not disregard such uprisings&Hus was excommunicated in1411&burned at the stake July 6,1415been condemned by CouncilOfConstance in an unfair trial.
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| Martin Luther | A German who believed that indulgences were fake. He also nailed the 95 theses to the door of the Catholic Church. He stood up to the recognized authority.
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| Anabaptist | Christians who rejected infant baptism in favor of believer's baptism.
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| Louis XVI | Married to Marie Antoinette; weird; became king before he was ready
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| Estates General | Meeting to discuss voting process of the 3 estates.People thought the3rd estate would end up getting >1vote because the3rd estate had more people than the1st&2nd estate.When people found out all estates were going to be =.3rd estate was very disappointed.
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| Tennis Court Oath | A mtng held by a tennis court to discuss a constitution.This was significant bc people would not leave until they gave them a constitution.Was pivotal pt in the French Revolution bc they wanted to break off from the estates general&become a natl assembly.
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| Jacobins | They were in the 3rd estate. They were trying to get rid of the monarchy&the vestiges(left overs). They were also trying to get rid of Christianity.They felt like the people needed to move forward from Christianity.
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| Festival of Supreme Being | A festival held by Robespierre. People wanted to worship something & by this time Robespierre had lost it.He is trying to get the people to worship him.This is significant because it was the final straw with Robespierre that led to his death.
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| Black Death | The most serious challenge.It was a plague carried by black rats but transmitted by flees. The people would get sick within days of the bit.It was spread through the air.
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| Filippo Brunelleschi | He was one of the leading architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance, he is best known for his work on the Duomo in Florence
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| Leonardo da Vinci | He was a leading artist of the Italian Renaissance. He was most known for his painting"The Last Supper."
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| La Primavera | Was painted by Sandro Botticelli. It illustrated the meaning of renaissance because it was an iconic picture. It was not religious or sacred. It was a picture of spring. It was meant for an audience like the Medici or other powerful people.
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| Great Schism | There were 2 popes & 3 people claimed to be pope. So there were too many popes.This ended the western schism.
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| Pope Leo X | Devoted to pleasure of flesh, parties used all of the money the church had; church went bankrupt and so he sold indulgences for money.
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| Johann Tezel | A priest; main person that sold indulgences
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| Jesuits | Navy seals of the catholic church, missionaries; they traveled to Asia and america
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| Council of Trent | Were a ban on the sale of indulgences & church offices & new rules for the conduct of the clergy. They rejected the Protestants emphasis on self-discipline & individual faith.
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| Heliocentric View | The earth & the planets revolve around the sun in the center of the solar system.
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| John Wycliff | Best known for translation the bible into common language
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| 95 Theses | They were written by Martin Luther. The debate protests against church abuses, especially nepotism, simony, and the sale of indulgences.
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| Transubstantiation | This is where people believed that during communion instead of the bread being a symbol of Jesus' blood and body they believed that the wine and breads was actually Christs blood and body.
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| Marie Antoinette | Austrian princess married to Louis XVI to form allies.
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| Third Estate | Commoners - towns people (larges $of people) the 3 estate were people like us they were only put in the 3 estate because they weren't as rich as the 1 & 2 estate.
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| Maximillian Robespierre | He was a lawyer and Politian. He was significant because he was the leader of the Jacobins; he held the Festival of the Supreme being that lead to his death.
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| Committee on Public Safety | This was not anything like it sounds. They were people that were killing other people because they felt like they were a threat. This was significant because it was supposed to keep people safe but indstead it just killed a lot of innocent people.
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| Describe the attitude Europeans had concerning the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. | The Catholic Church had all the power and every one feared them. People viewed them as the most powerful institution.
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| How did the Black Death actually have a positive effect on the economy of Europe? | It lowered the population which opened up room for more land.
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| Explain the "client / patron" system as related to art in the Middle Ages. | were a client would have art custom-built while today the artist paints a picture and hangs it up to be seen/bought.
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| How did the Medici family of Florence contribute to the Renaissance? | They made Florence prosper by art and humanism during a rough time.
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| Describe the Renaissance Popes and explain the impact they had on how the Catholic Church was viewed. | More into art instead of spiritual stuff and wasted church's money with projects; led to the decline of the church
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| What was "Christian Humanism?" Explain how this view is a synthesis of both Medieval & Renaissance thinking? | The belief that man is in the image of God w/ education&application of scripture man can change society for good.This is a medieval belief that"man must suffer to appease god's wrath"&the renaissance belief that"man is the measure of all things"
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| What were some reasons for the erosion of the authority of the Catholic Church by 1500? | secularism during the enlightenment era. Christian humanists believed catholic church corrupted Christianity with tradition & emphasizes on different theological issues. Babylonian captivity; renaissance popes
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| Why is the term "Catholic Reformation" more accurate & fair than "Counter Reformation?" | The Catholic Reformation is more fair because the catholic church had already began reformation. Then protestants broke way and began to work on forming church.
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| What were some commonly held beliefs of all the reformers? | No indulgences and that the bible needs to be translated into common languages.
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| What was Martin Luther trying to accomplish when posting the 95 Theses as opposed to what is often assumed? What technology played a key role in this event? Explain. | church wasdoing bad-indulgencedWanted to addresshis concerns ofthe churchIt lead tothe bible being translated into common languagesGutenberg createdprinting pressHelped Luther print the95theses&nail them tothe church door theywere declaring independence
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| Why is Martin Luther's actions at the Diet of Worms such a turning point in history; even for those who are not religious? | He stood up to the designated power which was a huge turning point for everyone. No one had ever stood up to the catholic church like that before because of the severity of the punishment. This ultimately helped push reformation&the renaissance forward
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| What was the assumption made by the scientists who sparked the Scientific Revolution? | Galileo was a personal tutor to Medici family.He tried to publish his Heliocentric Theory in the dialogue of the 2world systemsHe created a book of his theoryHeliocentricTheory - the sun was the center of the universe&the planets rotated around the sun.
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| What were John Locke's 3 ideas about government? | 1. He believed right to life liberty property 2. government govern with consents 3. right to rebel.
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| Explain why the French Revolution (FR) failed to resolve itself as did the American Revolution (AR)? | AR had end game&focused on Christian humanismFrench did not have end gameThey crushed reformation in France.FR crushed church&trusted human reason state secularism led France into reign of terror,dectatorship&warFocused on church&man as ctr of all things.
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| What measures did the Jacobins regarding Christianity? Why? | Viewed Christianity like it was not neededIt was a vestige which means left over so they tried to get rid of Christianity,Actions lead to the reign of terrorJacobins closed churches,raised cults,&outlawed public&private worship to get rid of Christianity.
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| Explain how the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment were affected by both Secular Humanism and Christianity. | The idea that both Christians and non-Christian drove the enlightment ands move away from superstition
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| How was the Northern Renaissance different from the Southern (Italian) Renaissance? | Northern= more religious; contributed to the printing press; Christian humanism
southern= secularism
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