Vocab, P.I.R.A.T.E.S, Chronology Ch.4 Per.1 (3500-500 B.C.E)
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| CITADEL | a fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city
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| HARAPPAN(1) | The Harappan lived in a village in Pakistan...site of successive cities of the Indus valley civilization
-lived in a Bronze Age and their culture flourished in the Indus valley; first early civilization, circa 2600 BCE
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| VENERATED | To regard with respect
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| PANTHEON | An ideology
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| ARYANS(3) | Herding people; spoke an Indo-European language; settled into Indus Valley in large numbers, 2600 B.C.E
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| RIG VEDA | A collection of some 1,028 hymns dedicated to gods; complied between 1400 and 900 B.C.E.
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| INDRA | A God; chief deity of Aryans
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| RAJA | A leader of chiefdoms; governed in collaboration with a council of village elders
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| CASTE SYSTEM | Determined the places that individuals and groups occupied in society; status
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| VARNAS | The four castes in the Hindu caste system
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| BRAHMINS | A priests
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| KSHATRIYAS | Warriors and aristocrats
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| VAISHYAS | Cultivators, artisans, and merchants
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| SHUDRAS | Landless peasants and serfs
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| "LAW BOOK OF MANU" | A work that dealt with proper moral behavior and social relationships, including sex and gender relationships
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| BRAHMAN | Human beings that participate in a larger cosmic order and forms a small part of a universal soul (according to the Upanishads)
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| DOCTRINE | A document with beliefs or set of beliefs
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| KARMA | A cynical ideology designed to justify the social inequalities imposed by the caste system
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| DRAVIDIAN (2) | The people that lived in the Indus Valley before the Aryans;native civilization(circa 2600 BCE)
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| Political (HARAPPAN) | Unknown-unaccesible evidence
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| Interactions w/ environment (HARAPPAN) | *Agricultural
-cultivated wheat and barley
*Indus valley
*Industry = textiles
*Irrigation Canals
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| Religion (HARAPPAN) | *Polytheist nature gods; fertility goddess important
*Priests in villages had high importance
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| Art & Architecture (HARAPPAN) | *citadel
*large granary
*roads
*temples
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| Technology (HARAPPAN) | *ceramics
*gate
*steatite bead making
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| Economics (HARAPPAN) | *trade
-materials, cultivation
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| Society (HARAPPAN) | *declined complex society of Dravidians
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| Political (ARYANS) | *Clan system *King and local rulers(king had to protect his subjects, property, defense and maintenance of peace)
*Many City states
*Patriarchal/Patrilineal
*Subjected women to control
*Guidance from men
*Spoke Sanskrit
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| Interactions w/ environment (ARYANS) | *Nomadic people
*Domesticated the horse
*Herding
*Cultivated (agriculture)
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| Religion (ARYANS) | *Indian gods still worshipped
*Aryans brought new gods and Scriptures (Vedas)
*Ritual/ethics sacrifices
-rewards/offerings to gods
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| Art & Architecture (ARYANS) | *cities built from bricks
*drain system
*multileveled homes
*iron tools
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| Technology (ARYANS) | *iron tools
-advanced weaponry
*chariots
*Bow and arrow
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| Economics (ARYANS) | *Pastoral
*Small self-sufficient agricultural communities
*Iron Technology used for farm tools
-increased food production (rice)
*Weapons
*Barter system (common)
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| Society (ARYANS) | *Caste system *nomadic *arrogance
^4 varnans
-bramins (priests)
-kshstriyas (warriors and aristocrats
-vaishyas (cultivators, artisans, merchants)
-shudras (landless peasants and serfs)
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| Political (DRAVIDIAN) | *City states
*Governed by Priest Kings
-democratic
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| Interactions w/ environment (DRAVIDIAN) | *agriculture/cultivated native lands
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| Religion (DRAVIDIAN) | *similar to aryans
*reincarnation and circle of life
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| Art & Architecture (DRAVIDIAN) | *Temples w/ pyramid shaped towers
-constructed from sandstone
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| Technology (DRAVIDIAN) | *iron tools
-swords, spears, shields, bows, silambam
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| Economics (DRAVIDIAN) | *rich culture society
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| Society (DRAVIDIAN) | *4 varnans
-bramins (priests)
-kshstriyas (warriors and aristocrats
-vaishyas (cultivators, artisans, merchants)
-shudras (landless peasants and serfs)
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| Chronology | 8000-7000 BCE
-Beginnings of agriculture(South Asia)
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| Chronology | 2500-2000B.C.E.
-High point of Harappan society
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| Chronology | 1900B.C.E.
-Beginning of Harappan decline
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| Chronology | 1500B.C.E.
-Beginning of Aryan migration to India
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| Chronology | 1500-500B.C.E.
-Vedic age
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| Chronology | 1400-900B.C.E.
-Composition of the Rig Veda
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| Chronology | 1000B.C.E.
-Early Aryan migrations into the Ganges River valley
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| Chronology | 1000B.C.E.
-Emergence(varna distinctions)
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| Chronology | 1000-500B.C.E.
-Formation of regional kingdoms(northern India)
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| Chronology | 800-400B.C.E.
-Composition of the principal Upanishads
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| Chronology | 750B.C.E.
-Establishment of first Aryan cities in the Ganges valley
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| Chronology | 500B.C.E
-Early Aryan migrations to the Deccan Plateau
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