Final S.S.
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| California Trail | when the Oregon trail reached Snake River, it divides into a northern tail and a southern trail, the southern branch became the California Trail.
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| Who were the Mormons traveling on the Mormon Trail | Joseph Smith [founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints] and his followers. Brigham Young [successor] established Utah, taking the Mormon Trail [parallel] to Oregon Trail.
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| Chinese-way they profited in mining camps | California placed high monthly tax on all foreign miners; were targets of violent attacks, some stayed, some found different jobs.
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| Hardy Campbell | taught farmers method of dry farming, switched to hardy crops: red wheat.
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| Mechanical Farming | introduced by Cyrus McCormic, used tools to crop, used machinery, created bonanza farms which grew wheat
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| Communities on the Great Plains- schools and churches | Churches caused people to gather and socialize, schools let children socialize and communicate.
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| Range Rights | During the Cattle Boom many people gave up on mining and started ranching. Most ranchers didn’t have land so most bought range rights [water rights] to water, eliminated competition.
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| Big Business and mining | In mining towns, business owners charged high, lacked basic law and order, general store, saloon, and boarding house.
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| Homestead Notes | western states, farming for poor and immigrants, 1840s and 1850s, homestead bill, 1859 republicans, approved in 1860 [during civil war], head of family, square mile=640 acres, 36 in a township quarter=160 acres, live 5 years, small filing fee
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| Gustavus Swift | Used new invented refrigerator railroad to carry beef from packing plants to eastern cities, increased national demand for beef.
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| Early cowboys and the Vaqueros | Vaqueros: ranch hands, tended cattle and horse. Early cowboys adopted bandana, hat.
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| Central Pacific Workforce | Great Race, complete transcontinental railroad.
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| New immigrants and where they lived | 1900, from southern and eastern Europe, cities
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| New immigrants and opportunities | unskilled jobs- looking for economic opportunity
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| Building of buildings, highways, and railroads by immigrants | Little Knowledge of English so did industrial unskilled jobs, second Industrial Revolution.
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| Who favored Immigration | Business Owners
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| Chinese Exclusion Act | 1882, Chinese Exclusion Act prevented people from immigrating to U.S. for 10 years
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| Engine that powered the Wright Brothers at Kitty Hawk | Motor/Gasoline/Oil
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| Nikola Tesla | invented alternating current which helped electric usage spread rapidly
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| Scientific Village | inventors were invited to live and work in a scientific village started by Thomas Alva Edison in Menlo Park New Jersey
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| Discovery of Oil | oil was discovered how to be refined into fuel by Benjamin Silliman Jr. then Edwin L. Drake proved that it was possible to pump oil from the ground
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| Bessemer Process | Bessemer process was and inexpensive way to make steel and was developed by British engineer Henry Bessemer in the 1850's
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| Telegraph | telegraph was replaced by telephone in 1861 when Edison and many others wanted to improve on telegraph system. They were able to connect the east and west with the telegraph but the telephone they could connect the US with Britain (invented by Alexander G
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| States where gold rushes happened | California, Colorado, Idaho, and Montana
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| Dry farming | method of farming taught by Hardy Campbell to plain farmers in the 1890's allowed farmers to grow certain crops with less water
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| Buffalo Bill and feeding the Railroad workers | he was one of the professional hunters sent to shoot buffalos and feed the workers on the union pacific because they faced the harsh weather on the Great Plains
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| Collective Bargaining | process by which union leaders negotiate w/ employees on behalf of workers for better wages and working conditions
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