Exam 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, phonation, defense against microbes, trap and dissolve blood clots | show 🗑
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| The respiratory system has the primary function of | show 🗑
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| show | gas exchange.
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| Oxygen moves in and carbon dioxide moves out. | show 🗑
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| Hair that lines the inside of nose filters out large particulate matter. Goblet cells trachea produce mucus to trap particles,& cilia lining the trachea beat upwards to pull mucus & particles up towards the pharynx where it is swallowed or coughed out. | show 🗑
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| show | oxygen to do aerobic cellular respiration to make ATP
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| At any given time, the human body only has enough ATP stored to survive for | show 🗑
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| carbon dioxide is a by-product of | show 🗑
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| show | Internal respiration
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| show | External respiration
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| pulmonary ventilation,exchange of oxygen &carbon dioxide between alveoli & blood by diffusion, transportation of oxygen& carbon dioxide between lungs& tissues of the body by blood, exchange of oxygen &carbon dioxide between blood & tissues of the body | show 🗑
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| show | aerobic cellular respiration to make ATP
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| show | tidal.
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| show | increase the volume of the thoracic cavity.
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| opening to the external environment | show 🗑
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| back of throat | show 🗑
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| show | ATP
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| we could not maintain homeostasis without | show 🗑
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| Oral Cavity or Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Epiglottis, Glottis, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles,Terminal Bronchioles, Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveoli | show 🗑
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| show | alveoli to get into the body
alveoli to the oral or nasal cavity to get back out into the atmosphere.
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| show | Epiglottis
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| show | Glottis
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| also called "voicebox" | show 🗑
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| 20-25 mm and its length is 10 cm, held open even as pressure changes with air flow by 15-20 C-shaped bands of cartilage | show 🗑
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| show | Bronchi
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| Bronchi divide into smaller tubes for 20-23 generations for a total of approximately 8 million tubules. conatin elastin fibers, but no cartilage, smallest are less than 0.5 mm in diameter.When the tubes become less than 1 mm in diameter, they are called: | show 🗑
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| These are the smallest tubes of the conducting zone that lead to the respiratory zone. | show 🗑
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| This is the first tube of the respiratory zone that leads to the alveoli which is the primary place of gas exchange | show 🗑
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| show | Alveoli
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| The portion of the pathway from the oral cavity or nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles is called the | show 🗑
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| show | respiratory zone
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| air temperature is modified to match body temperature, air humidity is modified to match body humidity, and air is filtered of particulate matter and microbes. | show 🗑
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| gas exchange by diffusion occurs across type I alveolar cells that line the alveoli, the fused basement membranes of the alveoli and the capillaries, and the endothelial cells that make up the pulmonary capillary walls. | show 🗑
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| Together, these structures compose the "respiratory membrane" which is about 0.2 μm thick. | show 🗑
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| show | very fast diffusion of gases
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| show | external intercostal muscles
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| show | internal intercostal muscles
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| show | medulla oblongata
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| inspiratory neurons fire periodic bursts of action potentials travel down ext. intercostal nerves to ext intercostal muscles triggering contraction; travel down phrenic nerve to diaphragm to trigger contraction. Between bursts of APs, these muscles relax. | show 🗑
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| show | active breathing
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| show | increase the volume of the thoracic cavity.
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| show | Atmospheric pressure
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| show | Intra-alveolar Pressure
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| show | Intrapleural pressure
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| the difference between intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure. The bigger this pressure is, the bigger the distending pressure is on the alveoli which causes the alveoli to expand. | show 🗑
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| Two equations describe air movement and the impetus for air movement during ventilation, | show 🗑
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| Aerobic cellular respiration to make ATP is a part of | show 🗑
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| which muscles pull up and out on the ribs when contracted to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity | show 🗑
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| which pressure do humans change to affect air flow | show 🗑
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| show | tidal volume
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| show | Inspiratory Reserve Volume
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| What type of gas exchange is occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries | show 🗑
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| Featl hemoglobin has an oxygen-hemoglobin curve | show 🗑
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| Increase in temperature will result in a | show 🗑
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| show | free-floating or dissolved oxygen in the plasma
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| Which two particles are moved in the chloride shift | show 🗑
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| To what do central chemoreceptors respond? | show 🗑
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| The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the plasma of the blood of the pulmonary capillaries is | show 🗑
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| bell shaped muscle that divides the thoracic cavity from from the abdominal cavity. | show 🗑
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| means the pressure difference between the atmosphere and the alveoli | show 🗑
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| show | resistance
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| primaryily determined by by the radii of the tubes | show 🗑
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| PV=nRT | show 🗑
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| show | flow equation
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| show | Factors that affect resistance
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| show | high pressure to low pressure
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| show | atmospheric pressure
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| show | By changing the alveolar pressure,
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| if atmospheric presure is higher than alveolar pressure, | show 🗑
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| If atmospheric pressure is lower than alveolar pressure, | show 🗑
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| describes the relationship between volume and pressure. if nRT is a constant, then PV is a constant. if V increases, P must decrease to keep product the same. if V decreases, then P must increase to keep product the same. P and V are inversely proportion | show 🗑
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| the medullary inspiratory neurons fire a burst of action potentials to send a signal down the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm and the external intercostal nerves to the external intercostal muscles. | show 🗑
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| The diaphragm contracts which shortens the muscle and increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. | show 🗑
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| The external intercostal muscles contract to pull up and out on the ribs and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity. | show 🗑
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| show | Quiet breathing / inspiration
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| show | Quiet breathing / inspiration
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| the medullary inspiratory neurons stop having action potentials so stop sending signals down the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm and down the external intercostal nerves to the external intercostal muscles. | show 🗑
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| show | Quiet breathing/ expiration
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| The external intercostal muscles relax and allow the ribs to fall back down and decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity. | show 🗑
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| show | Quiet breathing/ expiration
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| Air flows down its pressure gradient from inside the alveoli to outside in the atmosphere, and we exhale. | show 🗑
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| show | active breathing / inspiration
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| show | active breathing / inspiration
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| The external intercostal muscles contract to pull up and out on the ribs and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity. | show 🗑
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| show | active breathing / inspiration
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| Air flows down its pressure gradient from outside in the atmosphere to inside the alvoeli, and we inhale. | show 🗑
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| show | active breathing / expiration
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| The diaphragm relaxes and lengthens to bow back up into the thoracic cavity and reduce the volume. | show 🗑
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| show | active breathing / expiration
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| show | active breathing / expiration
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| show | active breathing / expiration
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| show | active breathing / expiration
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| The internal intercostal muscles contract to pull down and in on the ribs to further decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity. | show 🗑
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| show | active breathing / expiration
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| During inspiration, the internal intercostal muscles relax. | show 🗑
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| show | technique of spirometry.
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| show | Tidal volume
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| The extra amount that you can inhale in a big breath over and above what you can normally inhale with a normal breath is called | show 🗑
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| The extra air that you can exhale with a big breath over and above what you can normally exhale is called | show 🗑
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| The air left in the lungs after a big exhalation is called the | show 🗑
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| amount of tidal volume | show 🗑
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| amount of Inspiratory Reserve Volume | show 🗑
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| amount of Expiratory Reserve Volume | show 🗑
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| show | 1200 mL
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| show | 3500 mL
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| show | 4500 mL
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| show | 2200 mL
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| Total Lung Capacity | show 🗑
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| show | Alveolar ventilation
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| show | minute ventilation
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| show | Dalton's Law
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| show | Henry's law
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| Why do we care about Henry's Law? | show 🗑
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| show | alveoli to blood in pulmonary capillaries, from blood in tissue capillaries to tissues.
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| Carbon dioxide diffuses from | show 🗑
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| show | across a capillary.
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| About 2.5% of the oxygen in the blood is dissolved or "free-floating | show 🗑
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| show | bound to hemoglobin molecules.
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| show | four heme subunits that each contain an iron atom.
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| show | a single hemoglobin molecule can bind to four oxygen molecules.
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| Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is called | show 🗑
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| hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is called | show 🗑
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| Percent hemoglobin saturation can be determined by | show 🗑
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| Blood travels back to the heart and is | show 🗑
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| show | the acquisition, digestion, and absorption of food molecules that can then be used for both energy and building blocks for the entire body.
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| Energy comes from | show 🗑
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| Carbohydrates: 4 Kcal/gram Fats: 9 Kcal/gram Proteins: 4 Kcal/gram | show 🗑
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| show | Carbohydrates: 250-800 g/day; 2/3 starch, 1/3 (sucrose & lactose)
Fats: 25-160 g/day
Proteins: 40-50 g/day
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| The two basic processes that occur in the digestive system are | show 🗑
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| show | digestion
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| the movement of food from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph fluid. | show 🗑
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| All food undergoes | show 🗑
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| the process of physically separating two different food molecules to increase the surface area of food for an increase in the efficiency of chemical digestion. | show 🗑
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| show | chewing.
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| show | Chemical digestion
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| show | Enzymes
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| The innermost layer closest to the lumen of the tube is the | show 🗑
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| show | Mucosa:
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| composed of epithelial cells called "enterocytes", absorptive cells, and endocrine cells including goblet cells that secrete mucous and endocrine cells that secrete hormones | show 🗑
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| contains connective tissue that includes blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodules, and Peyer's patches. | show 🗑
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| smooth muscle that contracts the mucosa into folds to stir the lumenal contents and promote contact between the digested material and the mucosal surface. | show 🗑
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| thick layer of connective tissue that provides the intestinal tract with much of its distensibility and elasticity; contains Meissner's (submucosal) plexus | show 🗑
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| two layers of smooth muscle and the Myenteric (Averbach's) plexus; The layer of circular muscle is used for lengthening and narrowing the tube and the layer of longitudinal muscle is used for shortening and widening the tube. | show 🗑
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| contains two layers of connective tissue; The inner layer is composed of fibrous connective tissue for structural support. The mesothelium is continuous with the mesenteries and secretes a watery fluid for lubrication. | show 🗑
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| Chewing or "mastication" provides the first bit of mechanical digestion. | show 🗑
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| add saliva to food. | show 🗑
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| show | mucous to lubricate food to facilitate swallowing, water to break ionic bonds in food substances to facilitate taste, and salivary amylase to start the digestion of carbohydrates.
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| the tube that leads from the mouth to the stomach. | show 🗑
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| show | peristaltic movements to help move food along the path.
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| composed of three parts: the fundus, the body, and the antrum | show 🗑
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| show | HCl to solubilize food, kill microbes, and activate pepsinogen to pepsin.
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| show | Parietal cells
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| secrete pepsinogen which gets converted to the active enzyme pepsin which breaks peptide bonds in long polypeptides to make shorter polypeptides. | show 🗑
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| secrete mucous to protect the stomach lining from the gastric fluid which can have a pH below 1. In response to food, endocrine cells secrete gastrin which regulates acid secretion and muscle contraction. | show 🗑
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| show | salivary glands:
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| show | liver:
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| stores and concentrates bile between meals | show 🗑
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| secretes bicarbonate and digestive enzymes into small intestine | show 🗑
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| show | muscularis mucosae
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| show | Submucosa:
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| show | Muscularis Externa:
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| contains two layers of connective tissue; The inner layer is composed of fibrous connective tissue for structural support. The mesothelium is continuous with the mesenteries and secretes a watery fluid for lubrication. | show 🗑
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| Chewing or "mastication" provides the first bit of mechanical digestion. | show 🗑
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| add saliva to food. | show 🗑
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| show | mucous to lubricate food to facilitate swallowing, water to break ionic bonds in food substances to facilitate taste, and salivary amylase to start the digestion of carbohydrates.
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| show | Esophagus
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| The esophagus undergoes | show 🗑
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| show | The stomach
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| Parietal cells in the lining of the stomach secrete | show 🗑
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| show | Parietal cells
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| secrete pepsinogen which gets converted to the active enzyme pepsin which breaks peptide bonds in long polypeptides to make shorter polypeptides. | show 🗑
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| show | Mucous secreting cells
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| show | salivary glands:
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| secretes bicarbonate to neutralize acid from stomach, secretes bile for the emulsification of fats, produces fibrinogen, synthesizes many proteins, cholesterol metabolism, endocrine function | show 🗑
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| show | gall bladder:
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| secretes bicarbonate and digestive enzymes into small intestine | show 🗑
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| show | peristalsis.
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| show | Peristalsis
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| The functions of the excretory system include: | show 🗑
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| show | the kidneys where urine is removed from the blood.
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| Urine moves from the kidneys into the | show 🗑
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| Urine is formed inside the kidney in structures called | show 🗑
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| Two types of nephrons exist- | show 🗑
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| account for about 85-90% of nephrons | show 🗑
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| show | juxtamedullary nephrons
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| show | glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule: , loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct:, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
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| capillary beds at the front of each nephron from which plasma is filtered to begin the formation of urine. These are highly porous capillaries that allow the movement of protein-free plasma out of the capillary where it can move into the Bowman's capsule. | show 🗑
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| show | Bowman's capsule
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| show | proximal convoluted tubule
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| is made of simple squamous epithelial cells which are permeable to water but impermeable to salt, so more water is reabsorbed out of the filtrate and the filtrate becomes more concentrated in the descending limb. | show 🗑
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| made of cuboidal and low columnar epithelial cells which are permeable to salt but not to water, so more solutes are removed from the filtrate and the filtrate becomes dilute. | show 🗑
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| made of cuboidal epithelial cells. The primary function is the secretion of some solutes back into the filtrate. | show 🗑
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| collect urine from many nephrons and carry it towards the renal pelvis. Some reabsorption and secretion occur here. | show 🗑
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| show | ureter
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| holds urine until it is excreted from the body. | show 🗑
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| show | voluntary and involuntary control.
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| show | urethra
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| show | This equation says that what comes out of the body is equal to what is moved from blood to the urine by filtration at the glomerulus/ Bowman's capsule interface plus whatever is actively transported out of blood into urine at the peritubular capillary/ ne
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| the bulk-flow of protein-free plasma from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule to form an ultrafiltrate that is not yet urine. | show 🗑
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| show | 125 ml/min or 180 L/day.
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| both passive and active movement of substances such as water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, bicarbonate ions, and the chloride salts of potassium, sodium, calcium, from the filtrate in the nephron back into the blood in the peritubular capillaries. | show 🗑
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| movement by active transport of substances such as ammonia, hydrogen ions, potassium, and some drugs from the blood in the peritubular capillaries that surround the nephron to the filtrate inside the nephron. | show 🗑
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| show | Regulation of kidney function is
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| Systemic Blood Pressure:Aldosterone, Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): | show 🗑
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| show | extrinsic factors
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| show | nephron
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| elimination of wastes, regulation of body fluid, regulation of fluid ion concentration | show 🗑
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| show | vasoconstriction and increased reabsorption of sodium ions
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| what is the name of the tube that leads from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body | show 🗑
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| show | ADH
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| what triggers the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I | show 🗑
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| show | esophagus
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| what is the outermost layer of the GI wall called | show 🗑
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| show | salivary amylase
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| show | basic like in the small intestine
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| In which section of the digestive system is pepsin secreted | show 🗑
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| show | liver
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| what is the state of the respiratory system during quiet inihalaiton | show 🗑
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| what happens in the conducting zone | show 🗑
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| show | dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, converted to bicarbonate
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| show | between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries and between the blood and the tissue capillaries
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| show | increase in hydrogen ion concentration, increase in concentration of carbon dioxide, increase in temperature
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| Affect sodium reabsorption which affects water reabsorption secondarily | show 🗑
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| show | ADH
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| show | inhalation
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