WVSOM -- Renal Phys -- Functional anatomy and basic processes
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| What are the 7 functions of the kidney? | regulation of water and electrolyte balance, excretion of metabolic waste, excretion of bioactive substances, regulation of arterial pressure, regulation of rbc production, regulation of vit D production, gluconeogenesis
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| What are the medullary pyramids? | collecting ducts in the medulla of the kidney which gives a striped pyramid-like appearance
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| What does the cortex of the kidney look like? | granular outer region
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| What is the medulla look like? | darker inner region
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| What does the cortex contain? | glomeruli
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| What is the difference between the cortex and medulla? | cortex have glomeruli
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| What are the types of nephrons? | Superficial nephrons, mid-cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons
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| Where are juxtamedullary nephrons at? | border of the cortex and medulla
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| What are loops like on the Juxtamedulalary nephron? | very long that extend into the medulla
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| How are superficial nephrons different form the juxta-medullary nephron? | The superficial nephron has a low pressure peritubular capillary attached to the high resistant efferent while the juxta-medullary nephron has an efferent hairpin loop and vasa recta after the glomerulus
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| What is the renal corpuscle? | contains the glomerulus surrounded by a ballon-like hollow capsule
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| What is the glomerulus? | tuft of interconnected capillary loops inside the renal corpuscle
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| What is the bowman’s capsule? | ballooon like hollow capsule of the renal corpuscle
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| What is bowman’s space? | fluied filled space within bowman’s capsule where the fluid is filtered
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| What are the 3 layers of the filtration barrier? | capillary endothelium, glomerular basement membrane and the layer of epithelial podocytes
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| What is the first layer of the glomerulus capillary? | capillary endothelium
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| What does the capillary endothelium allow passage of? | blood cells and platelets
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| What are filtration slits? | Spaces between the pedicles of the podocytes
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| What re slit diaphragms? | bridge the slits between pedicles
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| What is the role of glycoporteins and podocytes? | Glycoproteins have a negative charge. They cover the podocytes and filtrations slits, and favors the filtration of positively charged solutes.
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| What kind of charge is the basement membrane and epithelial podocytes covered with? | negative charges
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| What does the overall anatomical arrangement of the filtration barrier allow? | passage of large volumes of fluid but restricts filtration of large plasma proteins like albumin
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| What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | Extraglomerular matrix, macula densa of distal tuble and the granular cells
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| What is the extraglomerular matrix? | glomerular capillary loops that are supported by a network of mesangial cells.
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| What do mesangial cells secrete? | the extracellular matrix
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| Where is the JGA? | where the afferent arteriole kisses the renal corpuscle
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| What happens when mesangial cells contract? | the decrease the surface area of the capillary membrane
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| What is the macula densa? | specialized epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb where it contacts is glomerulus
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| What does the macula densa do? | salt dectors and contribute to the control of the GFR
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| What is GFR? | glomerular filtration rate
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| What are granular cells? | specialized smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole.
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| What do granular cells do? | production, storage and regulation of release of rennin
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| What does the JGA control? | renal blood flow and GFR, Na+ balance and systemic blood pressure
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| What innervates the kidney? | sympathetic, no real parasympathetic
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| What does freely filtered mean? | when a substance is present in the filtrate at the same concentration found in the plasma
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| What is Glomerular filtrate? | fluid that has passed from the blood into bowman’s capsule.
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| What is the make up of glerular filtrate? | mostly like plasma except that it contains very little total protein
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| What is the glemerular filtration rate? | The volume of filtrate formed per unit of time
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| What is the normal GFR? | 180 L/day
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| What is filtrated and reabsorbed? | Na, clucose, AA….most ions…
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| What are filtered and secreted? | urea and K+
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| What is just secreted? | PCN, Morphine and Creatine
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| What does the proximal tubule do? | reabsorbs 2/3 of the filtered water, Na, Cl and all organic substances that need to be conserved and secretes some wastes and some drugs
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| What organic substances does the proximal tuble reabsorb? | glucose and amino acid
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| What is an example of what proximal tubules secrete? | PCN, morphine and urate
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| What does the distal tuble and connecting tubule do? | reabsorb some small additional salt and water.
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| What regulates the kidney filtration? | aldoesterone and ADH
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| What does aldosterone do? | increase Na absorption; increase K secretion
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| What does ADH do? | increase water reabsorption
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| With aldosterone present, do you have more Na present in the final urine or less? | less
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| With ADH present, is the final urine more concentrated or dilute? | concentrated
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| What do sympathetic regulate in regards to renal function? | RBF, GFR, release of rennin
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| What do adrenal hormones and aldosterone regulate in the kidney? | Na and K excretion
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| What hormone is secreted from the heart? | ANP, atrial natriuetic peptide
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| What does ANP do? | increased Na excretion
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| Where is ADH secreted from? | pituitary
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| What does the Loop of Henle do? | reabsorbs ~20% of the filtered Na and Cl and ~10% of filtered H2O from the lumen
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