Biochemistry, Medicine, Phase 1
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| Cytoskeleton | show 🗑
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| The cytoskeleton determines | show 🗑
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| show | actin, intermediate filaments, microtubules
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| show | microfilaments; composed of actin-binding proteins; comprises 5% total protein
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| show | composed of micro-tubule-associated proteins (MAPs)
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| Actin filaments (1) | show 🗑
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| show | G-actin (globular actin)
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| Actin filament (2) | show 🗑
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| show | 7nm
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| Growth of actin filament | show 🗑
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| G-actin adds more rapidly to | show 🗑
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| G-actin is removed more rapidly from | show 🗑
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| show | when g-actin is ATP bound it can bind to the growing actin filament; not very stable over time; ATP eventually hydrolyses to ADP and will depolarise and come off at the negative end of the filament
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| show | happens a lot during embryogenesis but also adulthood; also pathogensis (metastasis); actin filaments turn over rapidly
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| Major function | show 🗑
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| Actin-binding proteins | show 🗑
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| show | spectrin; bind to G-actin
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| show | geisolin, severin; bind to F-actin
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| show | transgelin; bind to F-actin
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| Capping proteins | show 🗑
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| show | bind to G-actin and prevent its polymerising;
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| show | alpha-actinin in muscle
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| Motor proteins | show 🗑
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| Side-binding proteins | show 🗑
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| show | polymer of individual intermediate filament proteins; 10nm in diameter; visible by electro microscope; not dynamic
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| Intermediate filament network | show 🗑
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| Functions of intermediate filaments | show 🗑
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| Intermediate filament names by cell type | show 🗑
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| Mice lack neurofilaments (NF+/-) | show 🗑
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| Formation of the intermediate filament polymer | show 🗑
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| show | fundamental unit of the intermediary filament; formed from two helical dimers
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| Growth of an intermediate filament | show 🗑
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| Plectin | show 🗑
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| Microtubules | show 🗑
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| Tubulin | show 🗑
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| Alba tubulin | show 🗑
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| Beta tubulin | show 🗑
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| show | 25nm in diameter; thirteen columns of tubulin polymer
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| Assembly and disassembly of the microtubule | show 🗑
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| show | centrosomes; minus end remains close the centrosome and the plus end points outward towards the cell periphery
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| show | actin filament bundles provide support; dense sheets of actin found in the cortex of cells; maintains the shape of cells e.g. erythrocytes (RBC);
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| show | Actin filament bundles provide for absorption in the gut byt forming an adhesion belt
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| Stereocilia | show 🗑
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| show | intermediate filaments and microfilaments support shape
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| Stabilise the shape of plates | show 🗑
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| Form meshwork around the cell nucleus hold it into position | show 🗑
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| show | actin filaments
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| Organise the ER of a cell | show 🗑
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| Anchoring cells | show 🗑
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| show | cell motility; e.g.migration of neutrophils (WBC) to sites of infection for phagocytosis F
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| show | cell pushes out protrusions at the front (leading edge); actin filament polymerisation provides to force of membrane protrusion
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| show | protrusions adhere to the surface on which the cell is moving through contact junctions; F-actin connects to the focal adhesions to provide a contractile force for the cell
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| show | the rest of the cell pulls against the anchorage points to drag itself forward
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| Event 4 of actin-based movement | show 🗑
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| Lamellipodia | show 🗑
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| Lamellipodia or filopdia touch down | show 🗑
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| Myosin | show 🗑
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| Myosin "head region" | show 🗑
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| Myosin head movement | show 🗑
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| Microtubule based movement | show 🗑
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| Dynein | show 🗑
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| show | involved in the movement of organelles, e.g. synaptic vesicles along axons to synapses; composed of heavy chain (binds to microtubule) and light chain (binds to what needs to be moved)
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| Kinesin | show 🗑
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| show | moves toward (-) ends (near nucleus)
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| show | 10cm/day which take more than a week down an entire axon
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| show | e.g. kinesin and dynein; capable of moving great distances along microtubules; stays bound to the microtubule
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| show | e.g. myosin II; detaches completely from actin filaments at the end of the cycle; will travel only short distances; constantly bound and un-bound depending on hydrolysis of ATP
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| Involves in separation of chromosomes during cell division (interphase, metaphase, telophase) | show 🗑
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| show | anti-cancer therapeutics; inhibit the function of the mitotic spindle and thus cell division
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| Colchicine and vinblastine | show 🗑
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| show | stabilises microtubules; also acts on tubulin
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| show | rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane; mutations causes Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy
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| Myosin VII mutations | show 🗑
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| show | disease of the intermediate filaments; mutations in keratin genes results in failure to form proper keratin filaments in epidermis; skin highly sensitive to mechanical energy; blistering in adults and sloughing of epidermis in newborns
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| Epidermolysis bullosa symplex (EBS) and muscular dystrophy | show 🗑
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| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Motor Neuron disease | show 🗑
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| Microtubules | show 🗑
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| show | hyperphosphorylated in tangles and cannot bind microtubules
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| Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia | show 🗑
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| Spastin | show 🗑
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| show | hijack actin of cytoskeleton; engulfed by host cell; escapes from phagocytic vesicle; F-actin is polymerised at the back of it, providing motility; actin "comet" drives it into the neighbouring cell
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| Listeriosis | show 🗑
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Created by:
emmaallde
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