Biochemistry, Medicine, Phase 1
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show | a network of protein filaments that extend throughout the cell
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The cytoskeleton determines | show 🗑
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Three classes of protein polymer (or filament) | show 🗑
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show | microfilaments; composed of actin-binding proteins; comprises 5% total protein
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show | composed of micro-tubule-associated proteins (MAPs)
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Actin filaments (1) | show 🗑
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Actin monomers | show 🗑
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Actin filament (2) | show 🗑
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Diameter of actin filament | show 🗑
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Growth of actin filament | show 🗑
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G-actin adds more rapidly to | show 🗑
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show | (-) end of the filament
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show | when g-actin is ATP bound it can bind to the growing actin filament; not very stable over time; ATP eventually hydrolyses to ADP and will depolarise and come off at the negative end of the filament
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Cell migration | show 🗑
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Major function | show 🗑
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Actin-binding proteins | show 🗑
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show | spectrin; bind to G-actin
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show | geisolin, severin; bind to F-actin
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Cross-linkingproteins | show 🗑
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show | prevent filament grown; bind to F-actin
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show | bind to G-actin and prevent its polymerising;
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Actin-bundling protein | show 🗑
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show | myosin in muscle; bind to F-actin
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Side-binding proteins | show 🗑
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Intermediate filaments | show 🗑
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Intermediate filament network | show 🗑
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show | used to anchor cells at some cell junctions; support nuclear structure; can act as diagnostic tools to identify foreign cells as they are expressed differently based on their different locations (e.g. cancer)
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Intermediate filament names by cell type | show 🗑
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Mice lack neurofilaments (NF+/-) | show 🗑
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Formation of the intermediate filament polymer | show 🗑
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show | fundamental unit of the intermediary filament; formed from two helical dimers
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Growth of an intermediate filament | show 🗑
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show | a protein that binds to intermediary filaments; these molecules link to IFs and to actin filaments and microtubules to form the net-like structure
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show | long, relatively stiff hollow tubes; approximately 25nm; can be rapidly disassembled and reassembled; visible using EM or light microscopy; polar and highly dynamic i
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show | monomer of microtubules; consists of one molecule or alpha and beta-?
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Alba tubulin | show 🗑
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Beta tubulin | show 🗑
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show | 25nm in diameter; thirteen columns of tubulin polymer
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Assembly and disassembly of the microtubule | show 🗑
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Microtubules are polymerised in | show 🗑
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Cell shape and orientation | show 🗑
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show | Actin filament bundles provide for absorption in the gut byt forming an adhesion belt
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show | contains actin filaments; detect vibration in the cochlea; cells are depolarised or hyperpolarised by deflections caused by sound; actin filaments keep them rigid
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Shape of axons | show 🗑
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show | microfilaments provide support; protrusions are activated by cuts and formed by microfilaments allowing them to adhere to one another and form a clot
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Form meshwork around the cell nucleus hold it into position | show 🗑
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Hold synaptic vesicles close to the presynaptic membrane | show 🗑
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Organise the ER of a cell | show 🗑
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Anchoring cells | show 🗑
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Actin-based movement | show 🗑
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Event 1 of actin-based movement | show 🗑
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show | protrusions adhere to the surface on which the cell is moving through contact junctions; F-actin connects to the focal adhesions to provide a contractile force for the cell
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Event 3 of actin-based movement | show 🗑
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Event 4 of actin-based movement | show 🗑
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show | is a cytoskeletal protein actin projection on the leading edge of the cell; sample the environment; extend and withdraw; generated by rapid growth of actin filaments at the cell membrane; the (+) end of actin filaments are oriented towards the periphery
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Lamellipodia or filopdia touch down | show 🗑
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show | motor protein; pull on actin filaments to drag the cell forward; specially myosin II filaments; doesn't stay bound to actin all the time (unusual)
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Myosin "head region" | show 🗑
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show | ADP is released from the myosin head and replaced by ATP at which stage the head can detach from the actin filament; the head binds further down the filament
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Microtubule based movement | show 🗑
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Dynein | show 🗑
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show | involved in the movement of organelles, e.g. synaptic vesicles along axons to synapses; composed of heavy chain (binds to microtubule) and light chain (binds to what needs to be moved)
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show | moves towards (+) ends (cell periphery); stays attached to the microtubule throughout the ATP hydrolysis cycle (unlike mysosin)
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Dynein | show 🗑
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Vesicles move | show 🗑
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show | e.g. kinesin and dynein; capable of moving great distances along microtubules; stays bound to the microtubule
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Non-processive motor protein | show 🗑
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Involves in separation of chromosomes during cell division (interphase, metaphase, telophase) | show 🗑
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show | anti-cancer therapeutics; inhibit the function of the mitotic spindle and thus cell division
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show | destabilise microtubules; inhibits microtubule polymerization by binding to tubulin
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Taxol | show 🗑
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show | rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane; mutations causes Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy
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show | causes Usher's Syndrome; hereditary deafness and blindness
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Epidermolysis bullosa symplex | show 🗑
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show | disease of the intermediate filaments caused my plectin mutations
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Motor Neuron disease | show 🗑
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Microtubules | show 🗑
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Tau | show 🗑
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Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia | show 🗑
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show | microtubule severing protein
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Listeria bacteria | show 🗑
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show | causes infections of the central nervous system (meningitis, meningoencephalitis, brain abscess, cerebritis) and bacteremia in those who are immunocompromised; from eating contaminated foods
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