HES 403- Exam 2
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| 3 functions of hormones during exercise | fuel mobilization, cardiovascular actions, pulmonary actions
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| Which glut transporter is stimulated by insulin? | glut-4
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| Which glut transporter is found in the liver? | glut-2
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| What over-rides limited muscle glucose uptake in post-absorptive phase? | contracting skeletal muscle
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| High insulin during exercise | stimulates Rd and inhibits Ra (very bad)
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| Norepinephrine and epinephrine are derivatives of | tyrosine
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| Where is norepinephrine released? | leaking out of sympathetic neurons
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| Where is epinephrine released? | adrenal medulla
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| Synthesis pathway of tyrosine derivatives | tyrosine-> DOPA -> dopamine -> norepinephrine -> epinephrine
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| Physiologic effects of adrenergic receptors | can cause constriction or dilation of blood vessels; inhibit lipolysis or stimulate it; etc
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| Calorigenesis | heat production
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| Why is it ok to eat during exercise (with respect to insulin)? | epi/NE inhibit insulin secretion
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| Steroid hormone biosynthesis | testosterone to estradiol is only one step
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| Steroid hormones are synthesized from | acetate
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| Amine receptors | intracellular or extracellular
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| Neurotransmitters are | amines
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| Steroid hormones major effect | transcription
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| Amine/peptide hormones major effects | transcription/modification of existing proteins
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| Orthostatic intolerance | changing posture rapidly causes one to pass out (older)
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| 4 types of 2nd messengers | cAMP, Ca2+, IP3, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascades
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| epinephrine cascade | adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, activate PKA, phosphorylase kinase, activates phosphorylase
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| insulin action at muscle | GLUT1 always there, insulin tyrosine kinase makes GLUT4 translocate to the membrane
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| where does caffeine work (one) | blocks adenosine from binding to its receptor (which usually inhibits adenylyl cyclase)
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| A1 receptor | adenosine binds to it, and this inhibits adenylyl cyclase
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| PDE | phosphodiesterase; breaks down cAMP into AMP
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| 3 types of hormone action | endocrine, paracrine, autocrine
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| where hormones come from (classic) | hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testes, ovaries
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| where hormones come from (novel) | adipose, endothelium, skeletal muscle, heart, stomach, small intestine
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| brain produces some of its own | insulin
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| does epi or NE have a higher concentration? | norepinephrine
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| what happens to insulin training vs. untrained? | goes down
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| what happens to plasma insulin during exercise? | decreases
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| what happens to NE/epi as O2 consumption increases? | up exponentially
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| lactate ___ and ____ improve with training | turnover and clearance
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| effect of varying O2 supply on performance | increased up to 100% (due to chemoreceptors? Or up from 97% saturation)
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| ADP/AMP intralipid vs. control | higher for all during exercising, but higher for control condition
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| Metabolic response to exercise for FFA/glycerol/glucose/H+ | both Ra and Rd increase (Ra may be more)
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| Metabolic response to exercise amino acids | flux reduced (leucine oxidation increases)
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| Turnover cannot be | assessed by blood concentration
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| Alveolar surface area | 90 square meters (about 1000 square feet)
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| Two pulmonary zones | conducting zone and respiratory zone
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| Muscle mechanics of breathing | diaphragm descends, ribs rise
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| Why does EPOC occur? | HR/ventilation do not immediately drop; lactate oxidation
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| Sea level pressure | 760 mm Hg
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| Peak O2 location | outside lungs
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| Peak CO2 location | in mitochondria
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| N2 % | 79.04%
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| O2 % | 20.93%
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| CO2 % | 0.03%
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| Why is alveolar O2 less than 21%? | gradient moves it inside, moistening air lowers O2 partial pressure
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| Bohr effect | higher acidity, CO2, higher temp allows more oxygen to be unloaded
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| Oxyhemoglobin dissociation is a | sigmoid curve
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| Haldane effect | opposite of Bohr effect; hemoglobin holds onto oxygen tighter at lungs
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| What affects oxygen carrying capacity other than hemoglobin saturation? | number of red blood cells
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| Tidal volume vs. pulmonary minute ventilation | directly proportional
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| Breathing frequency vs. pulmonary minute ventilation | directly proportional
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| Inspiratory time/expiratory time vs. pulmonary minute ventilation | inversely proportional
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| The ventilatory breakpoint | the point at which ventilation increases disproportionately to oxygen consumption (before VO2 max)
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| Anaerobic threshold | the point at which metabolism becomes more dependent on anaerobic pathways; reflects lactate under most conditions; increase in VE/VO2 without an increase in VE/VCO2
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| Where are chemoreceptors found? | aortic bodies, carotid bodies; many others
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| Silent ischemia | mutation in H+ channel of sensory receptors on heart
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| Proof can dissociate ventilation threshold from lactate threshold | McArdle’s disease patients; ventilation threshold will still increase b/c of H+ from ATP hydrolysis
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| Dyspnea | inappropriate shortness of breath
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| Lungs are the right size for | CO2 release
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| Valsalva maneuver | involuntary breathing technique that traps and pressurizes air in the lungs and can raise blood pressure
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| Hematocrit | ratio of packed cells to total blood volume
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| Buffy coat | white blood cells in blood (<1%)
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| Hematocrit responses to endurance training | increase in plasma volume, increase in # RBCs (more of an increase in volume than blood cells so ratio goes down)
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| Arterial-venous oxygen difference | amount of oxygen extracted from the blood as it travels through the body (increases w/ exercise)
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| 4 factors that affect maximum race velocity | running economy, velocity at LT, VO2 max, % VO2 max at LT
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| pulmonary anatomy & training | does not change
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| what allows heart cells to contract together? | intercalated disks
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| arteries aka | conducting vessels
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| arterioles aka | resistance vessels
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| capillaries aka | exchange vessels
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| venules/veins aka | capacitance vessels (large fraction of total blood volume)
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| average blood volume | 5 L
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| venous return aided by (3) | one-way valves, smooth muscle bands, muscular contractions
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| parasympathetic stimulated by | vagus nerve; lower HR, force of contraction
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| why do endurance athletes have lower resting BP? | stronger signal from vagus nerve
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| the heart is dependent on | extracellular calcium ions (calcium induced calcium release)
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| preload | factors that contribute to filling (stretching)
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| 3 factors that affect preload | cardiac output, posture, intrathoracic pressure
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| afterload | tension during ejection; affected by anatomic impedance
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| 3 factors that affect contractility | loss of myocardium, ionotropic drugs, pharmacologic depressants
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| bradycardia | <60 bpm
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| tachycardia | >100 bpm
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| steady state HR | optimal heartrate for demands at that specific work; lower= more efficient
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| stroke volume | major determinant of endurance capacity at maximal rates of work
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| cardiac output average | 5 L/min
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| if 40-60% VO2 max, increase in cardic output is due to | heart rate, not stroke volume
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| functional sympatholysis | over-riding signal to constrict
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| cardiac output is determined by | the balance between mean arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance
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| distribution of cardic output in muscle at rest vs. exercise | 20%/1000mL; 84%; 21,000 mL
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| poiseuille’s law | radius^4 so that will affect flow more than pressure, length, or viscosity
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| cardiac output units | L/min
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| stoke volume units | mL/beat
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| counterregulatory hormones | raise the level of glucose in the blood by promoting glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketosis, and other catabolic processes
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