WVSOM -- Mechanics of Breathing
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| Name the 3 different processes involved in respiration. | ventilation, perfusion, diffusion
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| How is the lung adapted for efficient gas exchange? | Gets larger for a large amount of surface area especially the alveoli and also has a very thin membrane
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| What does ventilation involve? | lung inflation and deflation
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| What does inspiration require? | muscle contraction that increases the volume of the chest cavity
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| What are the 3 muscle groups that participate in inspiration? | diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory muscles
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| What accessory muscles are used in inspirations? | scalens and sternomastoids
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| What is required during quiet breathing? | relaxation of inspiratory muscles
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| What is used in expiration that is not quiet breathing? | lung and chest wall elasticity, abdominal muscles and internal intercostals
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| Why do the lungs expand with the chest wall? | there is cohesion between the peura due to intrapleural fluid.
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| Why is there a tug of war in the chest wall? | the intrapleural fluid causes cohesion but the negative intrapleural pressure pulls against it
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| What happens in a pneumothorax? | the lungs collapse inward and the chest wall moves outward.
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| What controls air movement? | lung pressure
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| How is transpulmonary pressure calculated? | Alveolar pressure – Pleural pressure
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| How is transairway pressure calculated? | Airway pressure – Pleural pressure
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| What drives air into and out of the lungs? | changes in intrapleural pressure
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| What happens when the pleural wall is stretchy? | easy to inflate and hard to deflate
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| What happens when the pleural wall is stiff? | hard to inflate, easy to deflate
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| How are most lung volumes and capacities measured? | spirometer
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| What cannot be measured with spirometry alone? | total lung capacity, functional residual capacity and residual volume
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| What is compliance? | measure of stiffness that reflects the extent of elastic recoil
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| What is frictional resistance? | tissue and air movement restriction
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| What are the two main forces that oppose air movement? | compliance and frictional resistance
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| What is a pathologic result of increased compliance? | emphysema. Easy to inflate and less elastic recoil
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| What is the pathologic result of reduced compliance? | fibrosis or alveolar edema; hard to inflate and more elastic recoil
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| What is lung compliance dependent on? | elastic tissue and alveolar surface tension
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| What causes surface tension? | liquid lining of alveoli (surfactant)
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| What makes up the elastic tissue in the lung? | elastin and collagen
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| What 3 things does emphysema increase? | Total lung capacity, functional residual capacity and residual volume
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| What 3 things does fibrosis decrease? | total lung capacity, functional residual capacity and residual volume
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| What does surface tension do to compliance? | reduces it
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| What is atelectasis? | alveolar collapse
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| What can cause atelectasis? | increased surface tension
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| What cells produce surfactant? | Type II alveolar cells
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| What does surfactant do? | reduces surface tension in the alveoli
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| What is the effect of surfactant? | increased compliance, increased alveolar stability and it keeps the lungs dry.
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Created by:
tjamrose
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