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Population and Health - AP Human Geography, Chapter 2, Rubenstein

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Term
Definition
show The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture  
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show The total number of people divided by the total land area  
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Census   show
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show The total number of deaths per 1,000 living people  
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show The process of change in a society's population from high birth and death rates and a low NIR to low birth and death rates, a low NIR, and higher total population  
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show The scientific study of population characteristics  
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Dependency ratio   show
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show The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant NIR  
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show The population of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human setlement  
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show Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition  
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show The branch of medical science concerned with diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected area  
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Industrial Revolution   show
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show The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society  
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show The average number of years a person can be expected to love, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. (Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn can be expected to live.)  
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show Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to poorer counties in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many traditional causes of death and allow people to live longer + healthier lives.  
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Natural increase rate (NIR)   show
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show A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living  
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show Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population  
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show The number of people per unit of arable land  
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show A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex  
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Sex ratio   show
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Total fertility rate (TFR)   show
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Zero population growth (ZPG)   show
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show The total number of live births per 1,000 living people  
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show Low growth: hunting and gathering, high CBRs and CDRs, population increased when food was easily obtained, no full nation is in this stage  
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show High growth: caused by the Industrial Revolution or the medical revolution  
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Demographic transition stage 3   show
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show Low growth: the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches zero, features a TFR of about 2.1  
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show Pestilence and famine (high CDR): infections, parasitic diseases, and animal attacks were the main causes of death (ex: the Black Plague)  
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show Receding pandemics (rapidly declining CDR): improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine during the Industrial Revolution  
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Epidemiological transition stage 3   show
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show Delayed degenerative diseases (low but increasing CDR): medical innovations extend life expectancy for older people, although bad lifestyle choices cause conditions like obesity  
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show A possible fifth stage that could be developing in which the CDR rises because most of the population is elderly and because of the re-emergence of diseases. Could be caused by evolution, poverty, and/or increased connections  
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