from Zemlin text
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| Ventral | towards the front
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| Anterior | towards the back
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| Posterior | towards the back
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| Cranial (rostral) | towards the head
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| Caudal | towards the tail
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| Medial | towards the midline
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| Lateral | away from the midline
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| Superficial | towards the surface of the body
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| Deep | away from the surface of the body
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| Proximal | closer to center of body; closer to attachment of limb to torso
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| Distal | away from attachment to body
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| Frontal | plane that divides body into a front and back part
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| Sagittal | plane that divides body into right and left parts
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| Transverse | plane that divides body into top and bottom parts
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| Cell | basic organizational unit of all living organisms
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| cytology | scientific study of cells
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| Cytoplasm | part of the cell that's enclosed within the plasma membrane
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| Protoplasm | living contents of a cell that are surrounded by a plasma membrane
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| DNA | molecules comprising genes
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| Organelle | specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid membrane
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| Cell Membrane | made up of lipid molecules comprised in a dipole or bilayer and various types of protein molecules
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| Microfilaments | membrane bound channels within cells
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| Microvilli | slender hair-like extensions of the outer membrane wall of cells
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| Cell Nucleus | control center of cell, which contains the cell's chromosomes
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vessicles, and cistern within cells
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| Rough ER | important for synthesis of proteins
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| Smooth ER | important for synthesis of non-proteins, such as fluids
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| Mitochondria | membrane-bound organelles within cytoplasm with a variety of functions: respiration, making chemical energy that is derived from breakdown of organic compounds
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| Lysosomes | membrane-bound organelles within cytoplasm; responsible for removing material from the cytoplasm; intracellular scavengers
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| Golgi Complex | consists of one or more zones of smooth ER; important as secretory structures
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| Epithelium | tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body
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| Connective Tissue | binds structures together, supports the body
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| Muscle Tissue | contractive tissue of the body; derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells
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| Neural Tissue | main component of nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves; regulates and controls body functions
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| Vascular Tissue | liquid tissue such as blood and lymph
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| Proper Epithelium | epithelial cells that form the outer layer of the body and the internal membranes that are continuos with the outside of the body (mucous membranes)
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| Simple Epithelium | single layers resting on a basement membrane of connective tissue
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| Squamous Epithelium | simple epithelium where the cells form a flat pavement-like surface
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| Columnar Epithelium | cylindrical cells; form a palisade-like layer
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| Stratified Epithelium | several layers of cells where the deep layers are columnar, and surface is approached, cells become more flattened and polygonal
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| Pseudostratified Epithelium | single layer of cells where the cell nuclei are at irregular levels
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| Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelium | pseudostratified cells with cilia on the exposed surface (respiratory tract)
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| Epidermis | skin; ET that forms the outer surface of the body
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| Transitional Epithelium | tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand; found in urinary tract, particularly urinary bladder
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| Glands | specialized epithelial cells for the secretion of substances
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| Ectoderm | lines external surfaces (skin) and alimentary tract
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| Endoderm | lines respiratory tract; epithelium of respiratory tract
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| Goblet Cells | in mucous membranes; secrete mucin (exocrine cells)
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| Keratin | protein which waterproofs membrane (skin)
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| Non-Keratized | no waterproofing properties (mucous membranes)
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| Mesoderm Tissue | lines internal cavities (heart, vessels, lungs)
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| System | two or more organ combine to form a functional unit; skeletal, reproductive, endocrine, integumentary, articular, muscular, digestive, vascular, nervous, respiratory, urinary
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| Organ | two or more tissues combined to form a structure with functional unity; ex: larynx
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| Lymphocytes | cells in lymphatic system; recognize foreign materials and eliminate them from the body
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| White Blood Cells | involved in body defense mechanisms
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| Red Blood Cells | contains hemoglobin for binding with oxygen
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| Plasma | clear, slightly yellowish fluid containing inorganic ions, immunoglobulins, proteins (clotting) and other materials such as steroids
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| Neurons | cells in the nervous system
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| Muscle Insertion | attachment of muscle that moves
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| Muscle Origin | attachment of muscle that doesn't move
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| Synergist Muscle | muscle that works with others to facilitate each other's movement
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| Antagonist Muscle | muscle that works against another muscle
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| Agonist Muscle | muscle that works with another muscle
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| Cardiac Muscle | muscle forming the heart
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| Smooth Muscle | involuntary, slow contracting muscle
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| Striated Muscle | voluntary muscle important for body movement and posture
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| Triponin | protein molecule attached to actin in muscle cells
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| Sarcolemma | outer membrane wall of muscle cells
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| Transverse Tubules | deep invagination of the sarcolemma which is the plasma membrane, only found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells; allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell
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| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | membrane bound channels with muscle cells that store calcium
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| Actin | muscle protein involved in contraction
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| Myofilaments | basic molecular structure of muscle
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| Myofibril | groups of muscle proteins surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| Muscle Fiber | bundles of muscle cells surrounded by fascia
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| Amphiarthrodial Joints | allow a little movement
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| Diarthrodial Joints | allow ample movement in one or more directions
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| Synarthrodial Joints | suture, immovable joints
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| Joints | connections between two bones or cartilages
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| Bone Marrow | flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of bones; In adults, in large bones produces new bloods cells
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| Cancelous Bone | spongy; interior network of fibers and channels on the inside of bones
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| Haversian Canals | network of fibers and channels within bones
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| Osteoblasts | cells that are responsible for bone formation
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| Periosteum | membrane covering outer surface of bones
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| Bone | densest of connective tissue; inorganic salts (calcium) provides hardness and brittleness
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| Fibrocartilage | stiff yet flexible; made of collagen and elastin; provides a strong cushion such as between vertebrae bodies
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| Elastic Cartilage | more elastic fibers make this yellowish; more flexible; found in ears and nose
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| Hyaline Cartilage | bluish-white; covers the ends of bones and provides smooth articulation for joints
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| Chondroblasts | cells responsible for cartilage formation
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| Cartilage | stiff yet flexible connective tissue; joins between bones, rib cage, ear, nose, bronchial tubes, intervertebral discs
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| Special Dense Connective Tissue | composed of cells (chondroblasts) located in spaces called lacunae surrounding the lacunae are ground matrix and fibers-- cartilage and bone
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| Reticular Connective Tissue | fibers forma soft skeleton (stroma) to support the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, red bone marrow, spleen)
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| Fascia | dense connective tissue surrounding organs or muscles
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| Ligament | dense connective tissue connecting bone to bone or cartilage to cartilage
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| Aponeurosis | flat sheet of connective tissue forming attachment to muscles
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| Tendon | dense connective tissue connecting muscles to bone or cartilage
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| Collagen | one of long fibrous structural proteins whose functions are a major component of the extracellular matrix that supports most tissues and gives cells structure from the outside
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| Elastin | protein giving elastic properties to tissue
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| Dense Connective Tissue | characterized by densely packed fibers of collagen or elastin
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| Loose Connective Tissue | very loose/irregular; forms the bed for other tissues such as the skin
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| Eukaryotic | cells with nucleus
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| Exocrine | producing secretion that's released outside its source
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