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A&P of Vocal Mech. 1
from Zemlin text
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ventral | towards the front |
| Anterior | towards the back |
| Posterior | towards the back |
| Cranial (rostral) | towards the head |
| Caudal | towards the tail |
| Medial | towards the midline |
| Lateral | away from the midline |
| Superficial | towards the surface of the body |
| Deep | away from the surface of the body |
| Proximal | closer to center of body; closer to attachment of limb to torso |
| Distal | away from attachment to body |
| Frontal | plane that divides body into a front and back part |
| Sagittal | plane that divides body into right and left parts |
| Transverse | plane that divides body into top and bottom parts |
| Cell | basic organizational unit of all living organisms |
| cytology | scientific study of cells |
| Cytoplasm | part of the cell that's enclosed within the plasma membrane |
| Protoplasm | living contents of a cell that are surrounded by a plasma membrane |
| DNA | molecules comprising genes |
| Organelle | specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid membrane |
| Cell Membrane | made up of lipid molecules comprised in a dipole or bilayer and various types of protein molecules |
| Microfilaments | membrane bound channels within cells |
| Microvilli | slender hair-like extensions of the outer membrane wall of cells |
| Cell Nucleus | control center of cell, which contains the cell's chromosomes |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vessicles, and cistern within cells |
| Rough ER | important for synthesis of proteins |
| Smooth ER | important for synthesis of non-proteins, such as fluids |
| Mitochondria | membrane-bound organelles within cytoplasm with a variety of functions: respiration, making chemical energy that is derived from breakdown of organic compounds |
| Lysosomes | membrane-bound organelles within cytoplasm; responsible for removing material from the cytoplasm; intracellular scavengers |
| Golgi Complex | consists of one or more zones of smooth ER; important as secretory structures |
| Epithelium | tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body |
| Connective Tissue | binds structures together, supports the body |
| Muscle Tissue | contractive tissue of the body; derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells |
| Neural Tissue | main component of nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves; regulates and controls body functions |
| Vascular Tissue | liquid tissue such as blood and lymph |
| Proper Epithelium | epithelial cells that form the outer layer of the body and the internal membranes that are continuos with the outside of the body (mucous membranes) |
| Simple Epithelium | single layers resting on a basement membrane of connective tissue |
| Squamous Epithelium | simple epithelium where the cells form a flat pavement-like surface |
| Columnar Epithelium | cylindrical cells; form a palisade-like layer |
| Stratified Epithelium | several layers of cells where the deep layers are columnar, and surface is approached, cells become more flattened and polygonal |
| Pseudostratified Epithelium | single layer of cells where the cell nuclei are at irregular levels |
| Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelium | pseudostratified cells with cilia on the exposed surface (respiratory tract) |
| Epidermis | skin; ET that forms the outer surface of the body |
| Transitional Epithelium | tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand; found in urinary tract, particularly urinary bladder |
| Glands | specialized epithelial cells for the secretion of substances |
| Ectoderm | lines external surfaces (skin) and alimentary tract |
| Endoderm | lines respiratory tract; epithelium of respiratory tract |
| Goblet Cells | in mucous membranes; secrete mucin (exocrine cells) |
| Keratin | protein which waterproofs membrane (skin) |
| Non-Keratized | no waterproofing properties (mucous membranes) |
| Mesoderm Tissue | lines internal cavities (heart, vessels, lungs) |
| System | two or more organ combine to form a functional unit; skeletal, reproductive, endocrine, integumentary, articular, muscular, digestive, vascular, nervous, respiratory, urinary |
| Organ | two or more tissues combined to form a structure with functional unity; ex: larynx |
| Lymphocytes | cells in lymphatic system; recognize foreign materials and eliminate them from the body |
| White Blood Cells | involved in body defense mechanisms |
| Red Blood Cells | contains hemoglobin for binding with oxygen |
| Plasma | clear, slightly yellowish fluid containing inorganic ions, immunoglobulins, proteins (clotting) and other materials such as steroids |
| Neurons | cells in the nervous system |
| Muscle Insertion | attachment of muscle that moves |
| Muscle Origin | attachment of muscle that doesn't move |
| Synergist Muscle | muscle that works with others to facilitate each other's movement |
| Antagonist Muscle | muscle that works against another muscle |
| Agonist Muscle | muscle that works with another muscle |
| Cardiac Muscle | muscle forming the heart |
| Smooth Muscle | involuntary, slow contracting muscle |
| Striated Muscle | voluntary muscle important for body movement and posture |
| Triponin | protein molecule attached to actin in muscle cells |
| Sarcolemma | outer membrane wall of muscle cells |
| Transverse Tubules | deep invagination of the sarcolemma which is the plasma membrane, only found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells; allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | membrane bound channels with muscle cells that store calcium |
| Actin | muscle protein involved in contraction |
| Myofilaments | basic molecular structure of muscle |
| Myofibril | groups of muscle proteins surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Muscle Fiber | bundles of muscle cells surrounded by fascia |
| Amphiarthrodial Joints | allow a little movement |
| Diarthrodial Joints | allow ample movement in one or more directions |
| Synarthrodial Joints | suture, immovable joints |
| Joints | connections between two bones or cartilages |
| Bone Marrow | flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of bones; In adults, in large bones produces new bloods cells |
| Cancelous Bone | spongy; interior network of fibers and channels on the inside of bones |
| Haversian Canals | network of fibers and channels within bones |
| Osteoblasts | cells that are responsible for bone formation |
| Periosteum | membrane covering outer surface of bones |
| Bone | densest of connective tissue; inorganic salts (calcium) provides hardness and brittleness |
| Fibrocartilage | stiff yet flexible; made of collagen and elastin; provides a strong cushion such as between vertebrae bodies |
| Elastic Cartilage | more elastic fibers make this yellowish; more flexible; found in ears and nose |
| Hyaline Cartilage | bluish-white; covers the ends of bones and provides smooth articulation for joints |
| Chondroblasts | cells responsible for cartilage formation |
| Cartilage | stiff yet flexible connective tissue; joins between bones, rib cage, ear, nose, bronchial tubes, intervertebral discs |
| Special Dense Connective Tissue | composed of cells (chondroblasts) located in spaces called lacunae surrounding the lacunae are ground matrix and fibers-- cartilage and bone |
| Reticular Connective Tissue | fibers forma soft skeleton (stroma) to support the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, red bone marrow, spleen) |
| Fascia | dense connective tissue surrounding organs or muscles |
| Ligament | dense connective tissue connecting bone to bone or cartilage to cartilage |
| Aponeurosis | flat sheet of connective tissue forming attachment to muscles |
| Tendon | dense connective tissue connecting muscles to bone or cartilage |
| Collagen | one of long fibrous structural proteins whose functions are a major component of the extracellular matrix that supports most tissues and gives cells structure from the outside |
| Elastin | protein giving elastic properties to tissue |
| Dense Connective Tissue | characterized by densely packed fibers of collagen or elastin |
| Loose Connective Tissue | very loose/irregular; forms the bed for other tissues such as the skin |
| Eukaryotic | cells with nucleus |
| Exocrine | producing secretion that's released outside its source |
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