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A&P of Vocal Mech. 1
from Zemlin text
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Ventral | towards the front |
Anterior | towards the back |
Posterior | towards the back |
Cranial (rostral) | towards the head |
Caudal | towards the tail |
Medial | towards the midline |
Lateral | away from the midline |
Superficial | towards the surface of the body |
Deep | away from the surface of the body |
Proximal | closer to center of body; closer to attachment of limb to torso |
Distal | away from attachment to body |
Frontal | plane that divides body into a front and back part |
Sagittal | plane that divides body into right and left parts |
Transverse | plane that divides body into top and bottom parts |
Cell | basic organizational unit of all living organisms |
cytology | scientific study of cells |
Cytoplasm | part of the cell that's enclosed within the plasma membrane |
Protoplasm | living contents of a cell that are surrounded by a plasma membrane |
DNA | molecules comprising genes |
Organelle | specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid membrane |
Cell Membrane | made up of lipid molecules comprised in a dipole or bilayer and various types of protein molecules |
Microfilaments | membrane bound channels within cells |
Microvilli | slender hair-like extensions of the outer membrane wall of cells |
Cell Nucleus | control center of cell, which contains the cell's chromosomes |
Endoplasmic Reticulum | eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vessicles, and cistern within cells |
Rough ER | important for synthesis of proteins |
Smooth ER | important for synthesis of non-proteins, such as fluids |
Mitochondria | membrane-bound organelles within cytoplasm with a variety of functions: respiration, making chemical energy that is derived from breakdown of organic compounds |
Lysosomes | membrane-bound organelles within cytoplasm; responsible for removing material from the cytoplasm; intracellular scavengers |
Golgi Complex | consists of one or more zones of smooth ER; important as secretory structures |
Epithelium | tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body |
Connective Tissue | binds structures together, supports the body |
Muscle Tissue | contractive tissue of the body; derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells |
Neural Tissue | main component of nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves; regulates and controls body functions |
Vascular Tissue | liquid tissue such as blood and lymph |
Proper Epithelium | epithelial cells that form the outer layer of the body and the internal membranes that are continuos with the outside of the body (mucous membranes) |
Simple Epithelium | single layers resting on a basement membrane of connective tissue |
Squamous Epithelium | simple epithelium where the cells form a flat pavement-like surface |
Columnar Epithelium | cylindrical cells; form a palisade-like layer |
Stratified Epithelium | several layers of cells where the deep layers are columnar, and surface is approached, cells become more flattened and polygonal |
Pseudostratified Epithelium | single layer of cells where the cell nuclei are at irregular levels |
Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelium | pseudostratified cells with cilia on the exposed surface (respiratory tract) |
Epidermis | skin; ET that forms the outer surface of the body |
Transitional Epithelium | tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand; found in urinary tract, particularly urinary bladder |
Glands | specialized epithelial cells for the secretion of substances |
Ectoderm | lines external surfaces (skin) and alimentary tract |
Endoderm | lines respiratory tract; epithelium of respiratory tract |
Goblet Cells | in mucous membranes; secrete mucin (exocrine cells) |
Keratin | protein which waterproofs membrane (skin) |
Non-Keratized | no waterproofing properties (mucous membranes) |
Mesoderm Tissue | lines internal cavities (heart, vessels, lungs) |
System | two or more organ combine to form a functional unit; skeletal, reproductive, endocrine, integumentary, articular, muscular, digestive, vascular, nervous, respiratory, urinary |
Organ | two or more tissues combined to form a structure with functional unity; ex: larynx |
Lymphocytes | cells in lymphatic system; recognize foreign materials and eliminate them from the body |
White Blood Cells | involved in body defense mechanisms |
Red Blood Cells | contains hemoglobin for binding with oxygen |
Plasma | clear, slightly yellowish fluid containing inorganic ions, immunoglobulins, proteins (clotting) and other materials such as steroids |
Neurons | cells in the nervous system |
Muscle Insertion | attachment of muscle that moves |
Muscle Origin | attachment of muscle that doesn't move |
Synergist Muscle | muscle that works with others to facilitate each other's movement |
Antagonist Muscle | muscle that works against another muscle |
Agonist Muscle | muscle that works with another muscle |
Cardiac Muscle | muscle forming the heart |
Smooth Muscle | involuntary, slow contracting muscle |
Striated Muscle | voluntary muscle important for body movement and posture |
Triponin | protein molecule attached to actin in muscle cells |
Sarcolemma | outer membrane wall of muscle cells |
Transverse Tubules | deep invagination of the sarcolemma which is the plasma membrane, only found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells; allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell |
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | membrane bound channels with muscle cells that store calcium |
Actin | muscle protein involved in contraction |
Myofilaments | basic molecular structure of muscle |
Myofibril | groups of muscle proteins surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum |
Muscle Fiber | bundles of muscle cells surrounded by fascia |
Amphiarthrodial Joints | allow a little movement |
Diarthrodial Joints | allow ample movement in one or more directions |
Synarthrodial Joints | suture, immovable joints |
Joints | connections between two bones or cartilages |
Bone Marrow | flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of bones; In adults, in large bones produces new bloods cells |
Cancelous Bone | spongy; interior network of fibers and channels on the inside of bones |
Haversian Canals | network of fibers and channels within bones |
Osteoblasts | cells that are responsible for bone formation |
Periosteum | membrane covering outer surface of bones |
Bone | densest of connective tissue; inorganic salts (calcium) provides hardness and brittleness |
Fibrocartilage | stiff yet flexible; made of collagen and elastin; provides a strong cushion such as between vertebrae bodies |
Elastic Cartilage | more elastic fibers make this yellowish; more flexible; found in ears and nose |
Hyaline Cartilage | bluish-white; covers the ends of bones and provides smooth articulation for joints |
Chondroblasts | cells responsible for cartilage formation |
Cartilage | stiff yet flexible connective tissue; joins between bones, rib cage, ear, nose, bronchial tubes, intervertebral discs |
Special Dense Connective Tissue | composed of cells (chondroblasts) located in spaces called lacunae surrounding the lacunae are ground matrix and fibers-- cartilage and bone |
Reticular Connective Tissue | fibers forma soft skeleton (stroma) to support the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, red bone marrow, spleen) |
Fascia | dense connective tissue surrounding organs or muscles |
Ligament | dense connective tissue connecting bone to bone or cartilage to cartilage |
Aponeurosis | flat sheet of connective tissue forming attachment to muscles |
Tendon | dense connective tissue connecting muscles to bone or cartilage |
Collagen | one of long fibrous structural proteins whose functions are a major component of the extracellular matrix that supports most tissues and gives cells structure from the outside |
Elastin | protein giving elastic properties to tissue |
Dense Connective Tissue | characterized by densely packed fibers of collagen or elastin |
Loose Connective Tissue | very loose/irregular; forms the bed for other tissues such as the skin |
Eukaryotic | cells with nucleus |
Exocrine | producing secretion that's released outside its source |
Created by:
lmslms