Phonetics Final
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| omission of a phoneme during speech production | Elision
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| The overlapping of the articulators during speech production. Time efficient process. | coarticulation
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| the process whereby phonemes take on the phonetic character of neighboring sounds | assimilation
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| variant production of a phoneme | allophone
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| two types of assimilation | 1. regresssive
2. progressive
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| occurs when the identity of a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme following it. Also known as right-to-left or anticipatory assimilation. | regressive assimilation
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| occurs when a phoneme's identity changes as the result of a phoneme preceding it in time. also called left-to-right or perseverative assimilation. | progressive assimilation
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| the addition of a phoneme to the production of a word | epenthesis
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| Epenthesis can be the result of: | 1. coarticulation
2. variation in production
3. speech disorders
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| the transposition of a sound in a word. "slip of the tongue" | metathesis
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| the full form of a vowel becomes more like the mid-central "shwa" when spoken in connected speech. Also occurs when vowel changes sound when word gets added on to. | vowel reduction
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| modifications that span entire syllables, words, phrases and sentences - stress, timing, intonation. Affect an entire utterance, not just one phoneme | suprasegmentals
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| stressed syllables have 3 components: | 1. louder
2. longer
3. higher pitch
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| the word that get stressed usually: | 1. level of importance of the word in the sentence.
2. the speaker's intent of the message being conveyed
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| words containing salient information in a sentence | content words
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| content words: | nouns,verbs, adjectives, adverbs
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| less important words in a sentence | function words
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| the use of sentence stress to indicate a speaker's particular intent | contrastive stress
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| two types of information provided during a conversation: | 1. given info
2. new info
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| type of information in a sentence that receives the stress | new information
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| modification of voice pitch | intonation
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| change in fundamental frequency that span the length of a meaningful utterance | intonational phrase
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| syllable that receives the greatest pitch change in any particular intonational phrase | tonic syllable or nuclear syllable
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| accompany complete statements and commands and are indicative of the finality of an utterance | falling intonational phrases
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| usually indicates some uncertainty on the speaker's part. typical of questions and incomplete thoughts | rising intonational phrases
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| term used to describe the durational aspect of connected speech. 5 - 5.5 syllables per second. also determined by pauses located between syllables, words, phrases and sentences | tempo
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| vowels preceding voiceless consonants are shorter than the vowels preceding voiced consonants |
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| term used to indicate the way in which syllables and words are linked together in connected speech | juncture
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| term given to a pause that connects two intonational phrases | external juncture
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| includes all disorders involving speech sound production | phonological disorder
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| evaluation of articulation errors | misarticulations
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| error involving the replacement of one phoneme by another | substitution
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| error involving the deletion of a phoneme | omission
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| error involving the production of an allophone of the intended phoneme | distortion
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| error involving the insertion of an extra phoneme in a word | addition
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| when there are several types of errors, it may be more efficient to evaluate the client's speech in terms of error patterns |
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| nasals and stops acquired first, glides, fricatives, liquids, affricates |
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| idea that young children are born with innate processes necessary for the production of speech | natural phonology
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| young children are not capable of producing adult speech patterns, they often simplify the adult form | phonological processes
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| phonological process categories: | 1. syllable structure
2. substitution
3. assimilatory
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| phonological process: affect the production of syllables so that they are simplified | syllable structure process
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| phonological process that involves the omission of an unstressed syllable preceding or following a stressed syllable - can be common in adult production | weak syllable deletion
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| phonological process that reduces a syllable to an open syllable | final consonant deletion
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| phonological process involving the repetition of a syllable of a word | reduplication
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| phonological process results in the deletion of a consonant from a consonant cluster | cluster reduction
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| process involving the replacement of one class of phonemes for another | substitution process
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| involves the substitution of a stop for a fricative or affricate | stopping
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| involves the substitution of an alveolar phoneme for a velar or palatal articulation | fronting
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| occurs when a child substitutes a fricative for an affricate | deaffrication
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| involves a substitution of the glides for the liquids | gliding
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| involves the substitution of a vowel for postvocalic /l/ or /r/ | vocalization
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| involve an alteration in phoneme production due to phonetic environment. may be progressive or regressive | assimilatory process
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| occurs when a nonlabial phoneme is produced with a labial place of articulation due to the presence of a labial phoneme elsewhere | labial assimilation
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| occurs when a nonalveolar phoneme is produced with an alveolar place of articulation due to the presence of an alveolar phoneme elsewhere in the word | alveolar assimilation
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| occurs when a nonvelar phoneme is produced with a velar place of articulation due to the presence of a velar phoneme elsewhere in the word | velar assimilation
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| involves voicing of a normally unvoiced consonant | prevocalic voicing
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| involves a phoneme "assimilating to the silence" | devoicing
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| processes that children with disordered phonology display that aren't found in the speech of typically developing children | idiosyncratic processes
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| idiosyncratic processes: | 1. glottal replacement
2. backing
3. initial consonant deletion
4. stops replacing a glide
5. fricatives replacing a stop
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| the substitution of a glottal stop for another consonant | glottal replacement
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| the substitution of a velar stop consonant for consonants usually produced more anterior in the oral cavity. | backing
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| the omission of a single consonant at the beginning of a word | initial consonant deletion
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| the substitution of a stop for a glide | stops replacing glides
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| the substitution of a fricative for a stop | fricatives replacing stops
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| child's sound system is evaluated independently with no reference to a given standard. shows what a child is doing/ CAN do | independent analysis
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| focus is to help nonstandard speakers of English reduce their accents to be more intelligible | accent reduction
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