The Cardiovascular System
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What are the functions of the Cardiovascular system? | show 🗑
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| The cardiovascular is a _____ transport | show 🗑
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| show | Oxygen
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| If blood flow to the brain is stopped, consciousness is lost after _____ | show 🗑
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| show | 5-10 min
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| show | Ischemia
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| Low oxygen | show 🗑
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| show | Anoxia
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| What constitutes the cardiovascular system? | show 🗑
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| show | One direction
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| show | Deoxygenated
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| From the right side of the heart, pumped to the lungs via pulmonary circulation | show 🗑
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| show | Oxygenated blood
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| The heart is located in the | show 🗑
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| show | Apex
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| show | Pericardium
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| show | Friction rub
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| The heart is divided by the ______-- prevents blood from mixing | show 🗑
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| show | T
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| show | The bottom and upward
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| show | Cardiac muscle
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| show | Ventricular contraction
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| Heart valves prevent | show 🗑
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| Between the atria and ventricles | show 🗑
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| Between the right atrium and right ventricle | show 🗑
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| show | Bicuspid valve
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| Between the ventricles and the arteries leaving that particular ventricle | show 🗑
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| show | Pulmonary valve
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| Between left ventricle and the aorta | show 🗑
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| Thin flaps of tissue joined at their base to a ring of connective tissue | show 🗑
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| show | Chordae tendineae
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| show | papillary muscles
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| show | Semilunar Valves
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| Prevent blood that has entered the arteries from flowing back into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation | show 🗑
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| During ventricular contraction, the ______ remain closed to prevent blood flow backward into the atria | show 🗑
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| show | Dont
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| show | Myogenic
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| signal comes from _________(aka pacemaker).. smaller and contain fewer contractile fibers than other myocardial contractile cells--lack sacromeres- no contraction | show 🗑
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| show | Contractile cardiac muscle cells
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| show | L-type Ca++
(Calcium entry and excitation contracton (EC) coupling)
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| show | Ca++
(Calcium entry and excitation contraction (EC) coupling)
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| Ca++ is pumped back into the SR via action of the ____________ | show 🗑
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| show | Na+ Ca++ exchanger
(Cardiac muscle relaxation)
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| Cardiac contraction can be graded. T or F | show 🗑
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| Each fiber has the ability to | show 🗑
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| show | The number of active crossbridges, dependent on the amount of Ca++ in the cytosol, more Ca++, more troponin bound, more actin and myosin cross bridges can form
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| show | Bicuspid valve
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| show | Hypoxia
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| T or F blood returning to the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava is free of oxygen | show 🗑
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| The tricuspid valve opens due to | show 🗑
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| show | a smaller SR
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| During cardiac muscle relaxation, Ca++ is pumped out of the cell via | show 🗑
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| After the cardiomyocyte membrane is depolarized, what channels open on the cell membrane? | show 🗑
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| show | T
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| show | Contractile Cells:
Phase 4: -resting potential (-90mV)
Phase 0: depolarization
voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ enters (channels close at +20mV)
Phase 1: initial repolarization
K+ begins to leave via K+ channels
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| show | Phase 2: plateau
slow voltage-gated Ca++ channels finally open after initial depolarization; some “fast” K+ will shut
Phase 3: rapid repolarization
slow voltage-gated K+ channels are open; resting potential is reestablished
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| show | Tetanus
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| show | pacemaker potential
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| show | -60mV
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| Pacemaker potentials | show 🗑
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| Pacemaker potentials (cont'd) | show 🗑
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| show | autonomic nervous system
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| show | Heart rate
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| show | To speed up rate of heart
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| show | To slow the heart
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| show | Sympathetic stimulation
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| show | Parasympathetic stimulation
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| The typical starting membrane potential in autorhythmic cardiomyocytes is | show 🗑
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| show | The membrane is permeable to Na+ and K+ and I-f channels are open
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| show | T
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| show | L-type Ca++
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| show | Electrical signal
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| show | Sinoatrial (SA) node
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| Wave of depolarization spreads over the internodal pathway and to the _______(found at the bottom of the right atrium) | show 🗑
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| show | Purkinje fibers
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| What is the purpose of this internodal conducting system? | show 🗑
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| ***The SA node will also spread the action potential to the adjacent contractile cells( they will depolarization and contract, but transduction is slower) | show 🗑
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| show | If the signal passed from the atria directly to the ventricles, the top of the ventricles would contract first
This would prevent the blood from being pushed out the tops of the ventricles and into the arteries
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| show | apex
***the bottom of the ventricles to contract first
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| Transmission through the AV node is (slower/faster) than the rest of the internodal system--- this allows for the atria to complete contraction before ventricular contraction | show 🗑
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| T or F upstream pacemakers set the rate | show 🗑
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| *** SA node--> AV node--> AV bundle--> Bundle branches | show 🗑
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| show | Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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| Electrodes placed on both arms and the left leg (creates a triangle around the heart). | show 🗑
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| Pair of electrodes | show 🗑
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| show | cardiac cycle-->series of waves and segments
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| show | P wave
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| show | QRS complex
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| show | T wave
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| *** Mechanical contraction is slightly logging behind the electrical conduction | show 🗑
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| Atrial contraction | show 🗑
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| Ventricular contraction | show 🗑
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| ST segment depression can indicate | show 🗑
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| show | Ventricular contraction
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| show | Cardiac cycle
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| Phase 2: Atrial systole Final 20% of ventricular filling is accomplished | show 🗑
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| show | cardiac cycle phase 3 cont'd:
AV valves shut - associated with the first heart sound (S1 – “lub”)
Semilunar valves are also shut at this time, and therefore blood stays in the ventricle: known as isovolumic contraction
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| show | cardiac cycle
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| show | cardiac cycle phase 5 cont'd:
This will cause the semilunar valves to shut
Second heart sound – S2 “dub”
Isovolumic relaxation
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| show | volume
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| Y-axis | show 🗑
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| show | T
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| The starting point is A Ventricle is relaxed Holding the least amount of blood that it will hold during the cycle | show 🗑
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| Point B: Ventricle contracts with both mitral and aortic valve shut – therefore pressure increases as the volume remains constant (B→C) Isolvolumic Contraction | show 🗑
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| Point C: Ventricular pressure will exceed aortic pressure, aortic valves open Pressure continues to rise Volume in the ventricle decreases as blood is ejected into the aorta (C→D). | show 🗑
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| show | Looking at pressure and volume changes in depth
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| The ventricle relaxes (D→A); the aortic valve is shut, and therefore volume does not change Isovolumic relaxation | show 🗑
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| What causes s1 or the lub sound of the heart | show 🗑
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| Aortic pressure is greater than ventricular pressure during isovolumic contraction T or F | show 🗑
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| The centricles are empty at the end of the cardiac cycle T or F | show 🗑
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| show | Stroke volume= EDV-ESV
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| show | 135mL
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| show | 65mL
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| show | 100mL-- due to increase in EDV increasing preload in heart
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| SV is directly related to the force of contraction affected by | show 🗑
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| show | cardiac output= HR x SV
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| What happens if cardiac output decreases in one ventricle? | show 🗑
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| show | 16.3L/min
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| show | The pulmonary circulation will have gained 10mL of blood while the systemic circulation will have lost 10mL…
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| ***Force proportional to sarcomere length-- the longer (optimum), the more force created | show 🗑
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| The ventricle wall stretches as it fills with more blood, which is called ________, the stronger the force of contraction | show 🗑
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| show | Frank-Starling law
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| show | preload/stretch
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| blood returning from systemic or pulmonary veins will ultimately end up in our ventricles..... therefore the EDV is determined by the | show 🗑
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| Three factors affecting venous return | show 🗑
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| The veins are squeezed by our contracting skeletal muscles, "skeletal muscle pump this pushes the blood forward. EDV increases, and therefore, so will stroke volume (Frank-Starling law) | show 🗑
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| During inspiration, what happens to the pressure in the thoracic cavity? | show 🗑
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| More blood is drawn into the thoracic cavity, increasing venous return. this is known as | show 🗑
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| Sympathetic nervous innervation causes a _______. catecholamines (EPI, NE, DOPA) acting on ________. This squeezes more blood into the heart.. EDV increases as will SV | show 🗑
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| show | contractility
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| contractility is controlled by | show 🗑
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| affect contractility | show 🗑
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| ***EPI/NE--> adrenergic receptor--> cAMP messenger--> acts on Ca++ channels (increases the time they remain open) | show 🗑
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| The load that the ventricle has to overcome during contraction.. in order to eject the blood | show 🗑
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| show | arterial blood pressure and EDV
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| show | loss of aortic compliance(stretchability), systemic hypertension(increase in blood pressure), may result in left ventricular hypertrophy(enlargement of an organ) (LVH)-- loses elastance
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| A patient’s aortic valve has become constricted, creating a condition known as cardiac stenosis. Which ventricle is affected by this change, and what happens to the afterload on that ventricle? | show 🗑
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| What allows our blood to flow through our vasculature(blood vessels)? | show 🗑
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| The highest pressure occurs in the _____ due to LV contraction | show 🗑
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| pressure will continually decrease throughout the circulation--lowest in the | show 🗑
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| The pressure of moving fluid (increases/decreases) as it travels a distance | show 🗑
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| Blood in our vessels exert two pressure components: | show 🗑
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| When a fluid moves through a system (blood moving through the vessels) it will | show 🗑
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| ****Blood flows from areas of higher to lower pressure | show 🗑
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| show | pressure gradient
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| Flow is proportional to | show 🗑
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| Our cardiovascular system will ______ flow of blood | show 🗑
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| show | decrease
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| Flow is proportional to | show 🗑
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| show | vessel radius (r)-- smaller radius, higher resistance, tube length (L)--longer tube, higher resistance, and fluid viscosity (η)- thicker fluid, more resistance
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| show | R=8Lη/πr4
= 1/r4
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| show | Vasoconstriction and vasodilation has a large effect on the resistance in that particular vessel
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| ______ is dependent on the flow rate and cross sectional area | show 🗑
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| show | flow rate
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| how far a fixed amount of blood travels per unit time-- how fast | show 🗑
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| show | v=Q/A
V= velocity, Q= flow rate, A= cross sectional area of the vessel
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| show | velocity increases and rate remains constant
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| show | pressure reservoir
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| total blood flow through the entire system is the same as the | show 🗑
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| veins are referred to as the | show 🗑
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| show | blood vessels
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| the endothelium... | show 🗑
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| show | smooth muscle
Circular layer of vascular smooth muscle for vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Maintain muscle tone (partial contraction at all times)
Depends on Ca++ entry from extracellular fluid
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| arteries carry blood ____ from the heart | show 🗑
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| show | arteries
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| flow of arteries is described as _______into smaller vessels | show 🗑
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| show | more; less
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| show | capillaries
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| lack smooth muscle and fibrous/elastic connective tissue--facilitates exchange | show 🗑
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| show | capillaries
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| show | pericytes
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| show | convergent (to come together)
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| when venules converge into veins, they become | show 🗑
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| show | veins
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| show | veins
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| venous blood must flow... | show 🗑
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| varicose veins (enlarged veins)... | show 🗑
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| show | angiogenesis
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| occurs during wound healing and uterine lining growth and in response to endurance training | show 🗑
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| controlled by cytokines and growth factors released from the endothelium or surrounding tissues stimulate (mitogens): VEGF and FGF inhibit angiostatin and endostatin plays a role in the growth of malignant tumors | show 🗑
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| the driving force for blood--generated by ventricular contraction | show 🗑
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| show | Driving pressure wave
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| show | highest; lowest
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| show | 120 mmHg during systole and 80 mmHg during diastole
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| the pressure in vessel wall as blood is forced through during ventricular systole | show 🗑
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| show | resistance -- disappears at the capillaries
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| pulse pressure indicative of strength of the pressure wave. pulse pressure = | show 🗑
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| single value to represent the driving pressure in our vessels | show 🗑
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| MAP= | show 🗑
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| show | MAP
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| show | cardiac output
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| show | peripheral resistance
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| MAP is proportional to | show 🗑
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| Describe what happens to MAP if CO remains the same, but arteriole resistance increases? | show 🗑
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| How do we regulate BP when blood volume change? | show 🗑
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| the renal and cardiovascular system work to restore a ___________ | show 🗑
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| show | maintain arterial blood pressure
If MAP drops, sympathetic stimulation cause venous constriction; this causes more blood to accumulate in the arterial side
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| blood pressure | show 🗑
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| blood pressure: (a) Cuff pressure exceeds arterial pressure (b) cuff pressure is gradually released – blood flow is reestablished Korotkoff sound (systolic pressure) | show 🗑
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| show | 1/r4
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| show | 2) Sympathetic control – regulate blood distribution for homeostasis (i.e. temperature regulation)
3) Hormonal control (i.e. angiotensin II, ANP) – act directly on arterioles or by influencing sympathetic control
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| show | myogenic autoregulation
will cause constriction, resistance increases/flow decreases
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| mechanically gated Ca++ channels open, allowing for Ca++ to enter the cell | show 🗑
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| show | paracrines
ex: oxygen, carbon dioxide, NO
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| aerobic metabolism (exercise)(increase)--> O2 (decrease)--> CO2 (increase)--> paracrine action--> vasodilation | show 🗑
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| show | re-active hyperemia (paracrines)
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| show | sympathetic innervation
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| show | norepinephrine--
binds to α-adrenergic receptors to cause vasoconstriction
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| show | adrenal gland
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| ****NE--> α-adrenergic receptors-->vasoconstriction EPI--> B2 receptor--> vasodilation | show 🗑
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| show | 20
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| working muscle receive ____% of CO | show 🗑
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| blood flow through all the arterioles at the same time is equal to CO | show 🗑
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| arterioles have the ability to constrict: (increase/decrease) arteriole resistance, (increase/decrease) flow | show 🗑
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| density is directly proportional to | show 🗑
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| show | capillary diameter
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| endothelial cells are connected to one another via “leaky” junctions Most common; found in muscle, connective tissue, neural tissue (i.e. blood brain barrier) | show 🗑
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| contain large pores, allowing passage of large volumes of fluid Kidneys and intestines | show 🗑
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| ***the smaller vessel area the higher flow velocity (if rate is constant) | show 🗑
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| flow rate is low... therefore velocity rate is low | show 🗑
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| show | enhances gas exchange
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| show | diffusion; transcytosis
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| show |
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| *****small solutes or gases move either directly though or between the cell larger solutes and proteins require vesicles --- ex:transcytosis | show 🗑
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| fluid is flowing out of the capillaries | show 🗑
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| show | absorption (bulk flow)
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| bulk flow is dependent upon | show 🗑
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| show | arteriole
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| net absorption at the ______ end | show 🗑
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| 32 mmHg at the arteriole end and decreases (due to friction) to 15 mmHg at the venous end | show 🗑
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| show | capillary hydrostatic pressure
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| determined by the solute concentration(proteins) | show 🗑
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| show | capillary osmotic pressure
absorption= osmotic pressure
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| show |
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| filtration is (greater/lesser) than absorption | show 🗑
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| accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space--- result in swelling | show 🗑
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| show | capillary exchange --- filtration>absorption
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| show | elephantiasis (parasite)
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| show | filtration
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| decrease plamsa protein concentration | show 🗑
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| show | filtration
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| venous return decreases and CO falls from 5 to 3 L/min | show 🗑
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| show | baroreeceptor reflex
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| show | orthostatic hypotension
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| show | heart rate increases, force of contraction increases, vessels constrict
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| show |
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mpuente14
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