AG Embryology - fertilization to week 3
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| abnormality of structure (and often function) that arises during embryological development | congenital disorder
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| the study of heredity and how traits are passed on through generations | genetics
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| How many chromosomes does a human have? | 46; 22 paired autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes
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| point at which two chromatids are joined | centromere
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| process whereby one cell divides resulting in two daughter cells genetically identical to parent cell | mitosis
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| process whereby one cell divides to produce male and female gametes | meiosis
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| organized profile of a person's chromosomes | karyotype
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| deviation from usual number of chromosomes | aneupoloidy (ex: Turner's syndrome (webbed neck, infertile) and Down's syndrome)
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| all of the genetic information contained within the set of chromosomes | genome
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| unit of genetic information that determines the particular characteristic of a person | gene
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| 4 types of gene mutation | deletion; duplication; inversion; translocation
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| proportion of individuals carrying a mutation that also expresses the phenotype | penetrance; complete (all) or incomplete (only some)
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| tools for screening for genetic disorders in practice | family history; medical history of client; perceptions
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| pre-embryonic period | fertilization to 2 weeks
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| embryonic period | week 3 to week 8
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| fetal period | week 9 to birth
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| hard shell around the oocyte | zona pellucida
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| male and female pronuclei fuse creating the _________ | zygote
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| series of mitotic divisions, each cell is a blastomere | cleavage
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| day 3-4; 16-celled structure | morula
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| day 5; the zygote becomes a ________ | blastocyst
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| inner cells of the blastocyst are the ________;outer cells of the blastocyst are the _______ | embryoblast; trophoblast
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| when does the blastocyst begin to embed into the uterine wall? | day 6 - 7
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| day 8; embryoblast differentiates into _____ and ____ | epiblast and hypoblast (the bilaminar disc)
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| day 14; hypoblast cells become columnar and form a thickened circular area called the ____ | prechordal plate (future site of the mouth)
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| period where there is greatest susceptibility to teratogens | beginning of embryonic period; week 3 - 5
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| process of establishing the three germ layers to create trilaminar germ disk | gastrulation
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| epiblast cells invaginate at the ____________ creating three layers; ___, ____, ____ | primitive streak; ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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| two places remain bilaminar during gastrulation. What are they? | prechordal plate (mouth) and the cloacal plate (anus)
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| ectoderm derivatives | CNS, PNS, skin, pituitary gland
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| mesoderm derivatives | cartilage, muscles, bone
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| endoderm derivatives | lining of respiratory tract
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| serves as the basis for development of axial skeleton and future site of vertibrae | notochord
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| week 3; thickening of ectoderm giving rise to CNS | neural plate
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| begins with trilaminar disk ends with a corn on the cob structure | neurulation
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| abnormal neural crest development; autosomal dominant genetic disorder | neurocristopathies
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| what can reduce neural tube defects by 70% if mother takes it during pregnancy? | folic acid
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| somites are of ___dermal origin | mesodermal
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| somites forming ribs and vertibrae | sclerotome
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| somites forming muscles of body and limbs | dermomyotome
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| gives rise to cells that form most of the PNS and CNS | neural crest cells
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| prosencephalon becomes the .... | telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
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| mesencephalon becomes the ..... | mesencephalon (midbrain)
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| rhombencephalon becomes the ..... | metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)and myelencephalon (medulla)
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| week 6; neural canal becomes the ... | ventricular system
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| process of forming connections, continued growth and development of neurons | synaptogenesis
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| each pharyngeal arch contains four things. What are they? | a blood vessel, a cartilaginous rod, a muscular component, a nerve
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