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sp 461 final

        Help!  

Question
Answer
opening postsynapitc cholide cl+ channels generally results in what   hyperpolarization of the possynaptic cell  
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opening postsynaptic sodium na+ channels generally results in what   depolarization of the postsynaptic cell  
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speech disorders resulting from paralysis weakness, or incoordinatin of the speech musculature taht is neurologic orgin   dysarthrias  
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pathological laughing and cryng can result from damage to which two brain regions   brainstem and cerebellum  
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which is the cortical layer that recieves input from other brain structures   4  
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Where does the Dorsal tract travel after it synapses at the Medulla?   VPL Ventero Postero Lateral nucleus of Thalmus  
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Where does the Dorsal Tract Terminate   Post central Gyrus in Parietal Lobe  
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pre central gyrus, abduvens nerve, cerebellum and basal ganglia are all involved in what   movement  
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what is the most caudal portion of the brainstem   medulla  
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all afferent spinal tracts make obligatory stops at the thalamus except   spinocerebellar  
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primary auditory cortex, wernickes area, hershls gyrus and planum temporale are all located in the temporal lobe and important for   language  
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if somone stimulates hershls gyrus what might you hear   tones at different frequencies  
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what is the only cranial nerve to exit on the dorsal side of the spinal cord   facial  
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in which aphasia is brocas area cut off from frontal motor areas, impairing only spontaneous speach   transcortical motor  
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What 2 sensory tracts travel through the Ventero postero lateral nucleus of the thalmus   dorsal, anterolateral  
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where does the antero lateral tract travel after leaving the ganglia   dorsal horn  
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the reticular formation part of the anterolateral pathway comes after which synapase   dorsal horn  
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what is the side synapse of the anterolateral tract which comes after the reticular formation   superior colliculus  
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what stop on the antero lateral tract comes after the superior colliculus   thalmus vpl  
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where does the anterolateral tract terminate   primary somatosensory cortex  
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Where does the anterolateral tract decussate   at entry level  
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transcortical sensory aphasia   wernickes cut off from association cortex. language comprehension impaired, paraphasias.. can still repear  
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damage to mgn, primary auditory cortex and corpus calosum result in what   pure word deafness  
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global aphasia everything wrong damage to what areas   nearly complete occlusion of mca  
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transcortiacl motor aphasia often involves blockage of what   aca  
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what type of sensory info does the spinothalamic tract carry   crude pain and temperature, mechanical stress, local metabolism, cell rupture, skin parasites, immune hormone activity  
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brokas and wernickes involve blockage of what   specific branches of mca  
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Along the spinalthalamic tract, where does the neuron synapse after leaving the dorsal root ganglia   Lamina 1 neurons  
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Along the spinalthalamic tract, what synapse follows lamina 1 neurons   homeostatic control regions (e.g. NTS)  
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Along the spinalthalamic tract, what synapse precedes the synapse at the thalmus vpM   the homeostatic control regions (e.g) NTS  
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What sensory tract passes through the thalmus vp M   Spinothalamic  
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After which juncture along the spinalthalamic tract does the synapse terminate   vpM (thalmus)  
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Where does the spino thalamic tract terminate   Posterior insula  
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Where do pyramidal motor tracts cross   at the Medulla  
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where to extrapyramidal motor tracts cross   above the medulla  
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Describe the path of the corticospinal tract by place of synapse   primary motor cortex(precentralgyrus), axon in internal capsule, medula oblongata, spinal cord, motor neuron, skeletal muscle.  
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where does the corticospinal tract dessucate   at the medulla  
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what type of dessucation occurs for the cortico spinal tract   pyrimidal  
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where does the corticospinal tract originate   the primary motor cortex  
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after leaving the medulla, where does the corticospinal tract go   a motor neuron in the spinal cord  
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after going through a motor neuron in the spinal cord, where does the corticospinal tract terminate   skeletal muscle motor neuron  
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prozac blocks the seretonin re-uptake transporter on pre-synaptic axon terminal membranes. What does this accomplish   Increases the amount of seretonin available in the synaptic cleft  
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an axoaxonic synapse links neuronal structures how   axon to axon  
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what maps the body on the postcentral and precentral gyrus'   the homunculus  
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what type of matter of the spinal cord process information   the gray matter  
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what area of the spinal cord is for sensory processing   dorsal horn  
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what area of the spinal cord is for motor processing   ventral horn  
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what type of information does the spinocerebellar tract carry to the brain   somato sensory input (important for coordinating, complex movements, posture  
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where does the spinocerebellar tract originate   in a spinal border cell of the sacral spinal cord  
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where does the spinalcerebellar tract terminate   in the cerebral cortex and deep cerebral nuclei  
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what does the spinocerebellar tract pass through immediately before terminating in the cerebral cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei   superior cerebellar peduncle  
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where does the cortical spinal tract decussate   at the medulla, is pyramidal decussation  
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what does the corticalspinal tract pass through on it's way to the internal capsule   basis pedunculi  
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what spinal tract has no intervening nuclei from the primary motor cortex to th motor neurons of the spinal cord   corticospinal  
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what spinal tract transmits motor commands to muscle   the corticospinal tract  
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what neurotransmitter is critical for movement and found in the substantia niagra   dopamine  
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what nucleus does the spinocerebellar tract travel through within the thoracic spinal cord   Clarke's  
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which has fewer axons, the corticospinal or the rubrospinal tract   rubrospinal  
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where does the rubrospinal tract originate   in the midbrain(red nucleus)  
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where does the rubrospinal tract decussate   in the midbrain  
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what type of decussation occurs for the rubrospinal tract   ventral tegmental  
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if the corticospinal tract is damaged, tract provides residual voluntary muscle control   rubrospinal tract  
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within the rubrospinal tract, what is the red nucleus part of   the cerebellum to cortex pathway  
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which of the three motor tracts is extrapyramidal (crosses above the medulla)   vestibulospinal tract  
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where does the vestibulospinal tract originate   in the lateral vestibular nucleus  
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what does the vestibulospinal tract accomplish   integrates vestibular input (via cranial nerve VIII)with muscle movement for balance  
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Where does all taste information go   To the solitary nucleus  
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What is critically important for swallowing, specifically laryngeal contraction and elevation`   nucleus ambiguus  
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what cranial nerves are associated with swallowing   9, 10, 11  
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What neurotransmitter is associated with substantia niagra   dopamine  
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locus cerelious is a sourse of what nuerotransmitter   norepinephrine  
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where is locus cerulious   in the brainstem, specifically, the pons  
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what is the raphne nuclei a source of   seretonin  
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where are the raphne nuclei located   in the brainstem  
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what is your mnemonic for cranial nerve function   some say marry monny but my brother says big breasts matter most  
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which cranial nerves enter and leave the thalmus   1 and 2, olfactory and optic  
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which cranial nerves enter and leave the brainstem   3-12  
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olfactory nerve: where does the path begin   chemoreceptors in the olfactory bulb  
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what standard nerve stop does the olfactory nerve circumvent   thalmus  
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olfactory nerve: from the olfactory bulbs, what is the next stop   olfactory tract, CN1  
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olfactory nerve: Where does the olfactory tract lead to   cortex (entorhinal, piriform) and amygdala  
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what 3 cranial nerves deal with moving the eye   cn 3, 4, 6. oculomotor, trochlear, abducens  
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how does the binding of neurotransmitters to ionotropic postsynaptic receptors change the membrane potential for the postsynaptic neuron   by directly opening pores in the receptors that let certain ions through  
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what would many rapid EPSP (excitory postsynaptic potential) near each other on the postsynaptic cell probably lead to   action potential in a postsynaptic cell  
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what cranial nerve carries visual info   optic  
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where does the optic nerve terminate   thalamus  
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optic nerve: after begining with the photoreceptors, where does the info travel   ganglion cells  
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optic nerve: visual information reaches the optic nerves after passing through   ganglion cells  
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optic nerve the optic nerves precede what step in the visual pathway   optic chiasm  
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optic nerve; optic tracts carry info to the thalmus following what   optic chiasm  
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what cranial nerve controls 4/6 of the muscles that move the eye (including eyelid)   oculomotor  
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what two cranial nerves controls just one muscle of the eye each   trochlear, abducens  
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what is the only cranial nerve to exit and enter dorsally   trochlear  
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Are the 3 muscles that move the eye purely motor?   yes  
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the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of which structures   peripheral nerves, autonomic, and dorsal root ganglia  
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what nerves carry somatosensation for the head   5 trigeminal, 7, 9, 10  
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of the nerves that carry somatosensation for the head, which is most important   Trigeminal  
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where does the trigeminal nerve info begin   at mechanoreceptors/painreceptors  
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trigeminal nerve: from the mechanoreceptors, where does the info travel   trigeminal ganglia  
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trigeminal nerve: the main trigeminal sensory nucleus is preceded by which stop along the pathway   trigeminal ganglia  
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trigeminal nerve: the main trigeminal sensory nucleus comes before which stop   The thalmus VPM  
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trigeminal nerve: Does the trigeminal nerve through the thalmus VPM or VPL   VPM  
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trigeminal nerve: Where does the trigeminal nerve terminate   somatosensory cortex  
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trigeminal nerve: what is the step on this pathway directly before termination at the somatosensory cortex   thalmus VPM  
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what brainstem nuclei are directly associated with auditory processing   inferior colliculi  
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What type of brain cell is responsible for mylinating axons in the CNS   oligodendrocyte  
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What are the three main structural components of a typical nerve cell   axon, dendrite, soma (nucleus)  
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why does the rising phase of action potential occur so quickly   the na+ channel opens extremely fast at threshold -.55mV  
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In the rising phase of action potential, what is the threshold level that na+ channels open at   extremely fast-.55mV  
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How many muscles control facial expression   44  
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Stapedius muscle in ear, and facial expression are controlled by the motor aspect of which nerve   facial, 5  
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What nerve carries the sensory information from the anterior 2/3s of the tongue   Facial  
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what are the 2 neural pathways involved in emotional expression   voluntary, spontaneous  
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What are brief facial announcements of deep emotion/feeling lasting 1/20th of a second, followed by repression called   Microexpressions  
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Emotion: What can a small stroke in the brainstem or cerebellum lead to   PLC (pathological laughing and crying)  
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What part of emotional expression do brainstem nuclei control   muscles of facial expression, head and neck movements, eye movements, diaphragm  
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What part of the emotional expression system influences timing and threshold for ongoing episodes of laughing/crying   cerebellum  
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What cranial nerve enters and exits at the medulla   cranial nerve 8, vestibular division  
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3 semicircular canals, one utricle, and one saccule make up the five   vestibular organs  
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cranial nerve 8 vestibular division: begins where   at the medulla/pons, vestibular nuclei  
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cranial nerve 8 vestibular division:ventral posterior nucleus of the thalmus comes after which step in the chain   the medulla/pons, vestibular nuclei  
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where does the vestibular division of cn 8 terminate   vestibular cortex, which is the spacial part of the parietal lobe  
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what is the spacial part of the parietal lobe called   vestibular cortex  
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cranial nerve 8 vestibular division: what central step comes before termination in the vestibular cortex   thalmus, ventral posterior nuclei  
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tinnitus (ringing in the ear)can be caused by lesions in what division of cn8   cochlear division  
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no hearing in ipsilateral ear can be caused by lesions in what division of cn8   cochlear  
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what are the 2 divisions of the vestibular cochlear nerve cn8   vestibular, cochlear  
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cn8 cochlear division: primarily carries what type of info   afferent info from the cochlea  
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cn8 cochlear division: where is the cochlear nucleus, where the nerve begins, located   pons  
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cn8 cochlear division: where is the superior olivary tract   pons  
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where is the inferior colliculus   midbrain  
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where is the auditory cortex   temporal lobe  
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which cranial nerve controls the posterior 1/3 of taste and touch for the tongue, along with afferents from the eustachian tube, tongue, pharynx and efferents to the salivary gland and muscle for swallowing`   cranial nerve 9. glossopharyngeal  
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if someone couldnt produce saliva or swallow, what cranial nerve is a likely culprit   cn9 glossopharyngeal  
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n9 glossopharyngeal: where are the primary sensory neurons   in the ganglia outside of the brainstem  
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n9 glossopharyngeal: where does the sensory portion end   solitary nucleus  
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n9 glossopharyngeal: what are the motor functions   swallowing, salivation  
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n9 glossopharyngeal: what muscle allows for swallowing and what part is associated   stylopharyngeus muscle, nucleus ambiguus  
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n9 glossopharyngeal: salivation by what gland, where   parotid salivary gland, inferior salivary nucleus  
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what does cn 10, vagus do   major afferent/efferent innervation of the viscera  
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what cranial nerve stimulates the heart   vagus  
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what cranial nerve has major parasympathetic control   vagus 10  
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what cranial nerve integrates taste with viscera info in the solitary nucleus   vagus 10  
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what cranial nerve recieves sensation from a small part of the external ear, and taste from a small region of the tongue near the epiglottis   vagus 10  
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what cn involves major afferent input from the abdomen and thorax along with afferent input from they larynx and lower pharynx   vagus 10  
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from where does the afferent info of the layrnx and pharynx come   vagus 10  
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where are the primary neurons for cn 10 vagus   in ganglia outside the medulla  
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the descending nucleus of vagus is associated with   ear sensation  
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nucleus ambiguus   is gray matter in the brain and a source of motor output  
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what are the motor functions of vagus 10   efferent output to the palatal/pharyngeal muscles (ambiguus), output to visceral glands, organs (dorsal motor nucleus)  
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what is the cranial portion of spinal accessory nerve 11 now considered part of   vagus  
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cn 11 spinal accessory: from where does the cranial portion arise   nucleus ambiguus medulla  
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where is the nucleus ambiguus   medulla  
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cn 11 spinal accessory: what does the cranial portion innervate   intrinsic muscles of the larynx  
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cn 11 spinal accessory: from where does the spinal portion arise   accessory nucleus  
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cn 11 spinal accessory: what does the spinal portion innervate   muscles of neck and back  
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what two things is the spinal accessory nerve responsible for innervating   intrinsic muscles of larynx, muscles of neck and back  
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what part of the thalmus does the optic nerve terminate in   lateral geniculate nucleus  
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what does hypoglossal nerve 12 innnervate   intrinsic/extrinsic muscles of tongue  
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from where does the hypoglossal nerve arise   the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla  
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what part of the vascular system offers both posterior and anterior communicating   circle of willis  
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what are the 2 parts of the internal carotid   aca, mca  
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Foramen Rotundum   Trigeminal (maxillary division)  
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Foramen ovale   trigeminal (mandibular division  
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foramen internal acoustic meatus   facial and auditory nerves  
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jugular foramen   glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory  
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foramen hypoglossal canal   hypoglossal nerve  
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foramen magnum   spinal accessory nerve, some artieries, medulla  
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upper motor neurons plus interneurons are part of what   cns  
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lower motor neurons plus 12 cranial nerve pairs and 31 spinal nerve pairs are part of what   pns  
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Where do both afferent and efferent nerves synapse within the spinal cord   neuromuscular juncture  
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upper motor neurons from pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts synapse with   lower motor nuclei in the brainstem  
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cell bodies of lower motor nuclei are grouped inside the   brainstem nuclei  
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cell bodies of sensory neurons gather in the   cranal ganglia  
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cranial nerves are attached to the brainstem at the   cranial nerve nuclei  
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what cn does touch for the anterior 2/3 of tongue   trigeminal  
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where does trigeminal originate   pons  
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3 trigeminal mastication muscles   tensor veli palatini, anterior belly of diagastric, mylohyoid  
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what reflex is trigeminal related to   jaw jerk  
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where cranial nerve provides taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue   facial  
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what is important for visual orienting   superior coliculi  
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what is important for integrating auditory info   inferior coliculi  
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what is the encompassing term for neocortex, made up of: cell bodies and dendrites only (note dendrites included due to proximity to cell bodies   grey matter  
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what type of pump in an excitable membrane is referred to as a 2 way transporter   sodium/potassium  
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are sodium and potassium channels in an excitable membrane voltage gated   sometimes, sometimes not  
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bumps on the brain   gyri  
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grooves in the brain   sulci and fissure  
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difference in appearance predict difference in   function  
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what are actions or movements, many of them public, visible to others as they occur in the face, voice and behaviors   emotions  
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emotionally competent stimulus   the object or event, real or recalled triggers an emotion  
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3 types of emotions   background, primary, social  
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partial or complete loss of language abilities following brain damage, often without the loss of cognitive faculties or the ability to move muscles used in speech   aphasia  
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procedure whereby a single hemisphere of the brain is anesthestized   wada  
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do wernickes or brocas patients make more paraphasic errors   wernickes  
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bundle of axons connecting 2 cortical areas   arcuate fasciculus  
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comprehension is good, speech is fluent, but cannot repeat words in this aphasia   conduction  
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conduction aphasia involves lesions to what area   parietal cortex and arcuate fasciculus  
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what is the largest bundle of axons providing communication between the cerebral hemispheres   corpus callosum  
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the region of the temporal lobe is usually signifigantly larger in what hemisphere   left  
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posterior belly of diagastric, stylohyiod, and platysma are the muscles innervated by what nerve   facial  
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what cranial nerve has the gag reflex   glosopharyngeal  
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what is the motor muscle of the tongue   stylopharyngeus  
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for speech, what are the major motor areas of vagus   velum, pharynx, larynx  
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trapexius and sternocleidomastoid are major motor muscles for what cn   spinal accessory  
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what are the major motor muscles for hypoglossal   intrinsic and extrinsic of tongue, geniohyoid  
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what are the four parts of the papez circuit, in order   hypothalmus, thalmus, cingulate cortex, hippocampus  
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cigulate cortex and insula are what type of cortex   paleocortical (old)  
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what part of the temporal lobe is associated with object recognition   ventral  
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kluver bucy syndrome : memory loss, indiscriminate sexual expression, visual agnosia, caused by what   bilateral temporal lobectomy,  
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what is a large subcortical nucleus with many inputs and outputs that is a key player in emotions (particularly fear   amygdala  
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what structure is just anterior to the hippocampus, in the temporal lobe, and fairly medial   amygdala  
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fear causes this to respond and happiness dampens its response   amygdala  
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amygdala tells brainstem nuclei to   freeze, orient  
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amygdala tells hypothalmus   stress horemones  
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when a neuron is at its resting potential , is the inside more positive or negative than the outside   negative  
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urbach wiethe disease   bilateral calcification of amygdala, dont experience or recognize anger or fear, dont orient to unexpected stimuli  
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2 reasons preceptions dont reflect the real world   1. detection (many forms of energy are not) 2. translation (sensory systems convert energy into electrochemical nerve impulses)  
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stimulus aspects (our stimuli is m.i.l.d.)   modality locality intensity duration.  
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2 types of coding for stimulus modality   1. labeled line 2. pattern  
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labeled line code   specialized sensory receptors. mylinated, sharp initial pain  
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pattern code   pattern of activity in variety of receptors unmylinated, long lasting pain  
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stimulus intensity coded in 2 ways   1 frequency 2 population  
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duration of stimulus driven by   changes in stimuli (what nerv systm respnds bst to)  
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3 components to sound   1 frequency 2 intensity 3 complexity  
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frequency measured by; experienced as   cycles per second; pitch  
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intensity measured by; experienced as   wave amplitude; loudness  
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complexity measured by ; experienced as   types of combinations of waves; timbre, quality  
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interaural time delay   occurs for low frequency sounds 20/2000 hz, if sound is off to one side; is difference in when a sound reaches one ear versus another  
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interaural intensity difference   occurs for high freq 2000-20,000 hz. between 2 ears, occurs because head shadow blocks the sound  
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what type of aphasia results from damage to the language processing mechanism in cortex   primary  
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what type of aphasia results from damage to memory, precept, or attentional systems   secondary  
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what type of aphasia is caused by damage to the posterior portion of the left inferior gyrus of the frontal lobe   brocas  
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what type of glial cell helps clean up waste and cellular debris   microglia  
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what aphasia results from damage to the posterior regions of superior temporal (heschl's) gyrus   wernickes  
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what did wernicke propose that the posterior portion of heschls gyrus was for   memory for words  
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what voltage gated channel opens more slowly to permit repolarization of the neuron to its resting potential and ultimatley help end the action potential   k +  
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what cortical lobe is critical for mapping changes in the body that occur in response to an emotionally competent stimuli   insula  
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the papez circuit began with what structure that was said to be responsible for many basic drives   hypothalmus  
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what cranial nerve is critical for both swallowing and salivation   glossopharyngeal  
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taste information is carried by which three receptors   facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus  
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what type of glial cell provides myelin for the pns   schwann cell  
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the sodium potassium pump ejects 3 ___ for every 2___ it brings in   ejects 3 sodium, allows 2 potassium  
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