sp 461 final
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| opening postsynapitc cholide cl+ channels generally results in what | hyperpolarization of the possynaptic cell
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| opening postsynaptic sodium na+ channels generally results in what | depolarization of the postsynaptic cell
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| speech disorders resulting from paralysis weakness, or incoordinatin of the speech musculature taht is neurologic orgin | dysarthrias
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| pathological laughing and cryng can result from damage to which two brain regions | brainstem and cerebellum
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| which is the cortical layer that recieves input from other brain structures | 4
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| Where does the Dorsal tract travel after it synapses at the Medulla? | VPL Ventero Postero Lateral nucleus of Thalmus
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| Where does the Dorsal Tract Terminate | Post central Gyrus in Parietal Lobe
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| pre central gyrus, abduvens nerve, cerebellum and basal ganglia are all involved in what | movement
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| what is the most caudal portion of the brainstem | medulla
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| all afferent spinal tracts make obligatory stops at the thalamus except | spinocerebellar
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| primary auditory cortex, wernickes area, hershls gyrus and planum temporale are all located in the temporal lobe and important for | language
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| if somone stimulates hershls gyrus what might you hear | tones at different frequencies
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| what is the only cranial nerve to exit on the dorsal side of the spinal cord | facial
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| in which aphasia is brocas area cut off from frontal motor areas, impairing only spontaneous speach | transcortical motor
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| What 2 sensory tracts travel through the Ventero postero lateral nucleus of the thalmus | dorsal, anterolateral
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| where does the antero lateral tract travel after leaving the ganglia | dorsal horn
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| the reticular formation part of the anterolateral pathway comes after which synapase | dorsal horn
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| what is the side synapse of the anterolateral tract which comes after the reticular formation | superior colliculus
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| what stop on the antero lateral tract comes after the superior colliculus | thalmus vpl
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| where does the anterolateral tract terminate | primary somatosensory cortex
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| Where does the anterolateral tract decussate | at entry level
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| transcortical sensory aphasia | wernickes cut off from association cortex. language comprehension impaired, paraphasias.. can still repear
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| damage to mgn, primary auditory cortex and corpus calosum result in what | pure word deafness
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| global aphasia everything wrong damage to what areas | nearly complete occlusion of mca
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| transcortiacl motor aphasia often involves blockage of what | aca
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| what type of sensory info does the spinothalamic tract carry | crude pain and temperature, mechanical stress, local metabolism, cell rupture, skin parasites, immune hormone activity
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| brokas and wernickes involve blockage of what | specific branches of mca
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| Along the spinalthalamic tract, where does the neuron synapse after leaving the dorsal root ganglia | Lamina 1 neurons
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| Along the spinalthalamic tract, what synapse follows lamina 1 neurons | homeostatic control regions (e.g. NTS)
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| Along the spinalthalamic tract, what synapse precedes the synapse at the thalmus vpM | the homeostatic control regions (e.g) NTS
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| What sensory tract passes through the thalmus vp M | Spinothalamic
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| After which juncture along the spinalthalamic tract does the synapse terminate | vpM (thalmus)
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| Where does the spino thalamic tract terminate | Posterior insula
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| Where do pyramidal motor tracts cross | at the Medulla
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| where to extrapyramidal motor tracts cross | above the medulla
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| Describe the path of the corticospinal tract by place of synapse | primary motor cortex(precentralgyrus), axon in internal capsule, medula oblongata, spinal cord, motor neuron, skeletal muscle.
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| where does the corticospinal tract dessucate | at the medulla
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| what type of dessucation occurs for the cortico spinal tract | pyrimidal
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| where does the corticospinal tract originate | the primary motor cortex
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| after leaving the medulla, where does the corticospinal tract go | a motor neuron in the spinal cord
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| after going through a motor neuron in the spinal cord, where does the corticospinal tract terminate | skeletal muscle motor neuron
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| prozac blocks the seretonin re-uptake transporter on pre-synaptic axon terminal membranes. What does this accomplish | Increases the amount of seretonin available in the synaptic cleft
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| an axoaxonic synapse links neuronal structures how | axon to axon
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| what maps the body on the postcentral and precentral gyrus' | the homunculus
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| what type of matter of the spinal cord process information | the gray matter
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| what area of the spinal cord is for sensory processing | dorsal horn
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| what area of the spinal cord is for motor processing | ventral horn
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| what type of information does the spinocerebellar tract carry to the brain | somato sensory input (important for coordinating, complex movements, posture
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| where does the spinocerebellar tract originate | in a spinal border cell of the sacral spinal cord
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| where does the spinalcerebellar tract terminate | in the cerebral cortex and deep cerebral nuclei
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| what does the spinocerebellar tract pass through immediately before terminating in the cerebral cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei | superior cerebellar peduncle
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| where does the cortical spinal tract decussate | at the medulla, is pyramidal decussation
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| what does the corticalspinal tract pass through on it's way to the internal capsule | basis pedunculi
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| what spinal tract has no intervening nuclei from the primary motor cortex to th motor neurons of the spinal cord | corticospinal
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| what spinal tract transmits motor commands to muscle | the corticospinal tract
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| what neurotransmitter is critical for movement and found in the substantia niagra | dopamine
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| what nucleus does the spinocerebellar tract travel through within the thoracic spinal cord | Clarke's
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| which has fewer axons, the corticospinal or the rubrospinal tract | rubrospinal
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| where does the rubrospinal tract originate | in the midbrain(red nucleus)
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| where does the rubrospinal tract decussate | in the midbrain
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| what type of decussation occurs for the rubrospinal tract | ventral tegmental
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| if the corticospinal tract is damaged, tract provides residual voluntary muscle control | rubrospinal tract
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| within the rubrospinal tract, what is the red nucleus part of | the cerebellum to cortex pathway
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| which of the three motor tracts is extrapyramidal (crosses above the medulla) | vestibulospinal tract
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| where does the vestibulospinal tract originate | in the lateral vestibular nucleus
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| what does the vestibulospinal tract accomplish | integrates vestibular input (via cranial nerve VIII)with muscle movement for balance
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| Where does all taste information go | To the solitary nucleus
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| What is critically important for swallowing, specifically laryngeal contraction and elevation` | nucleus ambiguus
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| what cranial nerves are associated with swallowing | 9, 10, 11
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| What neurotransmitter is associated with substantia niagra | dopamine
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| locus cerelious is a sourse of what nuerotransmitter | norepinephrine
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| where is locus cerulious | in the brainstem, specifically, the pons
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| what is the raphne nuclei a source of | seretonin
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| where are the raphne nuclei located | in the brainstem
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| what is your mnemonic for cranial nerve function | some say marry monny but my brother says big breasts matter most
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| which cranial nerves enter and leave the thalmus | 1 and 2, olfactory and optic
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| which cranial nerves enter and leave the brainstem | 3-12
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| olfactory nerve: where does the path begin | chemoreceptors in the olfactory bulb
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| what standard nerve stop does the olfactory nerve circumvent | thalmus
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| olfactory nerve: from the olfactory bulbs, what is the next stop | olfactory tract, CN1
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| olfactory nerve: Where does the olfactory tract lead to | cortex (entorhinal, piriform) and amygdala
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| what 3 cranial nerves deal with moving the eye | cn 3, 4, 6. oculomotor, trochlear, abducens
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| how does the binding of neurotransmitters to ionotropic postsynaptic receptors change the membrane potential for the postsynaptic neuron | by directly opening pores in the receptors that let certain ions through
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| what would many rapid EPSP (excitory postsynaptic potential) near each other on the postsynaptic cell probably lead to | action potential in a postsynaptic cell
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| what cranial nerve carries visual info | optic
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| where does the optic nerve terminate | thalamus
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| optic nerve: after begining with the photoreceptors, where does the info travel | ganglion cells
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| optic nerve: visual information reaches the optic nerves after passing through | ganglion cells
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| optic nerve the optic nerves precede what step in the visual pathway | optic chiasm
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| optic nerve; optic tracts carry info to the thalmus following what | optic chiasm
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| what cranial nerve controls 4/6 of the muscles that move the eye (including eyelid) | oculomotor
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| what two cranial nerves controls just one muscle of the eye each | trochlear, abducens
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| what is the only cranial nerve to exit and enter dorsally | trochlear
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| Are the 3 muscles that move the eye purely motor? | yes
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| the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of which structures | peripheral nerves, autonomic, and dorsal root ganglia
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| what nerves carry somatosensation for the head | 5 trigeminal, 7, 9, 10
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| of the nerves that carry somatosensation for the head, which is most important | Trigeminal
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| where does the trigeminal nerve info begin | at mechanoreceptors/painreceptors
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| trigeminal nerve: from the mechanoreceptors, where does the info travel | trigeminal ganglia
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| trigeminal nerve: the main trigeminal sensory nucleus is preceded by which stop along the pathway | trigeminal ganglia
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| trigeminal nerve: the main trigeminal sensory nucleus comes before which stop | The thalmus VPM
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| trigeminal nerve: Does the trigeminal nerve through the thalmus VPM or VPL | VPM
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| trigeminal nerve: Where does the trigeminal nerve terminate | somatosensory cortex
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| trigeminal nerve: what is the step on this pathway directly before termination at the somatosensory cortex | thalmus VPM
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| what brainstem nuclei are directly associated with auditory processing | inferior colliculi
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| What type of brain cell is responsible for mylinating axons in the CNS | oligodendrocyte
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| What are the three main structural components of a typical nerve cell | axon, dendrite, soma (nucleus)
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| why does the rising phase of action potential occur so quickly | the na+ channel opens extremely fast at threshold -.55mV
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| In the rising phase of action potential, what is the threshold level that na+ channels open at | extremely fast-.55mV
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| How many muscles control facial expression | 44
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| Stapedius muscle in ear, and facial expression are controlled by the motor aspect of which nerve | facial, 5
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| What nerve carries the sensory information from the anterior 2/3s of the tongue | Facial
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| what are the 2 neural pathways involved in emotional expression | voluntary, spontaneous
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| What are brief facial announcements of deep emotion/feeling lasting 1/20th of a second, followed by repression called | Microexpressions
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| Emotion: What can a small stroke in the brainstem or cerebellum lead to | PLC (pathological laughing and crying)
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| What part of emotional expression do brainstem nuclei control | muscles of facial expression, head and neck movements, eye movements, diaphragm
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| What part of the emotional expression system influences timing and threshold for ongoing episodes of laughing/crying | cerebellum
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| What cranial nerve enters and exits at the medulla | cranial nerve 8, vestibular division
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| 3 semicircular canals, one utricle, and one saccule make up the five | vestibular organs
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| cranial nerve 8 vestibular division: begins where | at the medulla/pons, vestibular nuclei
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| cranial nerve 8 vestibular division:ventral posterior nucleus of the thalmus comes after which step in the chain | the medulla/pons, vestibular nuclei
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| where does the vestibular division of cn 8 terminate | vestibular cortex, which is the spacial part of the parietal lobe
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| what is the spacial part of the parietal lobe called | vestibular cortex
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| cranial nerve 8 vestibular division: what central step comes before termination in the vestibular cortex | thalmus, ventral posterior nuclei
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| tinnitus (ringing in the ear)can be caused by lesions in what division of cn8 | cochlear division
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| no hearing in ipsilateral ear can be caused by lesions in what division of cn8 | cochlear
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| what are the 2 divisions of the vestibular cochlear nerve cn8 | vestibular, cochlear
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| cn8 cochlear division: primarily carries what type of info | afferent info from the cochlea
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| cn8 cochlear division: where is the cochlear nucleus, where the nerve begins, located | pons
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| cn8 cochlear division: where is the superior olivary tract | pons
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| where is the inferior colliculus | midbrain
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| where is the auditory cortex | temporal lobe
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| which cranial nerve controls the posterior 1/3 of taste and touch for the tongue, along with afferents from the eustachian tube, tongue, pharynx and efferents to the salivary gland and muscle for swallowing` | cranial nerve 9. glossopharyngeal
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| if someone couldnt produce saliva or swallow, what cranial nerve is a likely culprit | cn9 glossopharyngeal
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| n9 glossopharyngeal: where are the primary sensory neurons | in the ganglia outside of the brainstem
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| n9 glossopharyngeal: where does the sensory portion end | solitary nucleus
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| n9 glossopharyngeal: what are the motor functions | swallowing, salivation
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| n9 glossopharyngeal: what muscle allows for swallowing and what part is associated | stylopharyngeus muscle, nucleus ambiguus
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| n9 glossopharyngeal: salivation by what gland, where | parotid salivary gland, inferior salivary nucleus
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| what does cn 10, vagus do | major afferent/efferent innervation of the viscera
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| what cranial nerve stimulates the heart | vagus
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| what cranial nerve has major parasympathetic control | vagus 10
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| what cranial nerve integrates taste with viscera info in the solitary nucleus | vagus 10
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| what cranial nerve recieves sensation from a small part of the external ear, and taste from a small region of the tongue near the epiglottis | vagus 10
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| what cn involves major afferent input from the abdomen and thorax along with afferent input from they larynx and lower pharynx | vagus 10
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| from where does the afferent info of the layrnx and pharynx come | vagus 10
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| where are the primary neurons for cn 10 vagus | in ganglia outside the medulla
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| the descending nucleus of vagus is associated with | ear sensation
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| nucleus ambiguus | is gray matter in the brain and a source of motor output
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| what are the motor functions of vagus 10 | efferent output to the palatal/pharyngeal muscles (ambiguus), output to visceral glands, organs (dorsal motor nucleus)
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| what is the cranial portion of spinal accessory nerve 11 now considered part of | vagus
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| cn 11 spinal accessory: from where does the cranial portion arise | nucleus ambiguus medulla
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| where is the nucleus ambiguus | medulla
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| cn 11 spinal accessory: what does the cranial portion innervate | intrinsic muscles of the larynx
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| cn 11 spinal accessory: from where does the spinal portion arise | accessory nucleus
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| cn 11 spinal accessory: what does the spinal portion innervate | muscles of neck and back
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| what two things is the spinal accessory nerve responsible for innervating | intrinsic muscles of larynx, muscles of neck and back
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| what part of the thalmus does the optic nerve terminate in | lateral geniculate nucleus
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| what does hypoglossal nerve 12 innnervate | intrinsic/extrinsic muscles of tongue
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| from where does the hypoglossal nerve arise | the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla
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| what part of the vascular system offers both posterior and anterior communicating | circle of willis
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| what are the 2 parts of the internal carotid | aca, mca
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| Foramen Rotundum | Trigeminal (maxillary division)
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| Foramen ovale | trigeminal (mandibular division
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| foramen internal acoustic meatus | facial and auditory nerves
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| jugular foramen | glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory
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| foramen hypoglossal canal | hypoglossal nerve
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| foramen magnum | spinal accessory nerve, some artieries, medulla
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| upper motor neurons plus interneurons are part of what | cns
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| lower motor neurons plus 12 cranial nerve pairs and 31 spinal nerve pairs are part of what | pns
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| Where do both afferent and efferent nerves synapse within the spinal cord | neuromuscular juncture
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| upper motor neurons from pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts synapse with | lower motor nuclei in the brainstem
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| cell bodies of lower motor nuclei are grouped inside the | brainstem nuclei
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| cell bodies of sensory neurons gather in the | cranal ganglia
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| cranial nerves are attached to the brainstem at the | cranial nerve nuclei
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| what cn does touch for the anterior 2/3 of tongue | trigeminal
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| where does trigeminal originate | pons
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| 3 trigeminal mastication muscles | tensor veli palatini, anterior belly of diagastric, mylohyoid
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| what reflex is trigeminal related to | jaw jerk
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| where cranial nerve provides taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue | facial
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| what is important for visual orienting | superior coliculi
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| what is important for integrating auditory info | inferior coliculi
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| what is the encompassing term for neocortex, made up of: cell bodies and dendrites only (note dendrites included due to proximity to cell bodies | grey matter
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| what type of pump in an excitable membrane is referred to as a 2 way transporter | sodium/potassium
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| are sodium and potassium channels in an excitable membrane voltage gated | sometimes, sometimes not
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| bumps on the brain | gyri
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| grooves in the brain | sulci and fissure
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| difference in appearance predict difference in | function
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| what are actions or movements, many of them public, visible to others as they occur in the face, voice and behaviors | emotions
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| emotionally competent stimulus | the object or event, real or recalled triggers an emotion
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| 3 types of emotions | background, primary, social
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| partial or complete loss of language abilities following brain damage, often without the loss of cognitive faculties or the ability to move muscles used in speech | aphasia
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| procedure whereby a single hemisphere of the brain is anesthestized | wada
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| do wernickes or brocas patients make more paraphasic errors | wernickes
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| bundle of axons connecting 2 cortical areas | arcuate fasciculus
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| comprehension is good, speech is fluent, but cannot repeat words in this aphasia | conduction
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| conduction aphasia involves lesions to what area | parietal cortex and arcuate fasciculus
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| what is the largest bundle of axons providing communication between the cerebral hemispheres | corpus callosum
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| the region of the temporal lobe is usually signifigantly larger in what hemisphere | left
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| posterior belly of diagastric, stylohyiod, and platysma are the muscles innervated by what nerve | facial
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| what cranial nerve has the gag reflex | glosopharyngeal
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| what is the motor muscle of the tongue | stylopharyngeus
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| for speech, what are the major motor areas of vagus | velum, pharynx, larynx
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| trapexius and sternocleidomastoid are major motor muscles for what cn | spinal accessory
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| what are the major motor muscles for hypoglossal | intrinsic and extrinsic of tongue, geniohyoid
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| what are the four parts of the papez circuit, in order | hypothalmus, thalmus, cingulate cortex, hippocampus
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| cigulate cortex and insula are what type of cortex | paleocortical (old)
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| what part of the temporal lobe is associated with object recognition | ventral
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| kluver bucy syndrome : memory loss, indiscriminate sexual expression, visual agnosia, caused by what | bilateral temporal lobectomy,
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| what is a large subcortical nucleus with many inputs and outputs that is a key player in emotions (particularly fear | amygdala
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| what structure is just anterior to the hippocampus, in the temporal lobe, and fairly medial | amygdala
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| fear causes this to respond and happiness dampens its response | amygdala
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| amygdala tells brainstem nuclei to | freeze, orient
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| amygdala tells hypothalmus | stress horemones
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| when a neuron is at its resting potential , is the inside more positive or negative than the outside | negative
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| urbach wiethe disease | bilateral calcification of amygdala, dont experience or recognize anger or fear, dont orient to unexpected stimuli
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| 2 reasons preceptions dont reflect the real world | 1. detection (many forms of energy are not)
2. translation (sensory systems convert energy into electrochemical nerve impulses)
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| stimulus aspects (our stimuli is m.i.l.d.) | modality locality intensity duration.
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| 2 types of coding for stimulus modality | 1. labeled line 2. pattern
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| labeled line code | specialized sensory receptors. mylinated, sharp initial pain
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| pattern code | pattern of activity in variety of receptors unmylinated, long lasting pain
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| stimulus intensity coded in 2 ways | 1 frequency 2 population
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| duration of stimulus driven by | changes in stimuli (what nerv systm respnds bst to)
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| 3 components to sound | 1 frequency
2 intensity
3 complexity
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| frequency measured by; experienced as | cycles per second; pitch
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| intensity measured by; experienced as | wave amplitude; loudness
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| complexity measured by ; experienced as | types of combinations of waves; timbre, quality
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| interaural time delay | occurs for low frequency sounds 20/2000 hz, if sound is off to one side; is difference in when a sound reaches one ear versus another
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| interaural intensity difference | occurs for high freq 2000-20,000 hz. between 2 ears, occurs because head shadow blocks the sound
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| what type of aphasia results from damage to the language processing mechanism in cortex | primary
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| what type of aphasia results from damage to memory, precept, or attentional systems | secondary
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| what type of aphasia is caused by damage to the posterior portion of the left inferior gyrus of the frontal lobe | brocas
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| what type of glial cell helps clean up waste and cellular debris | microglia
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| what aphasia results from damage to the posterior regions of superior temporal (heschl's) gyrus | wernickes
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| what did wernicke propose that the posterior portion of heschls gyrus was for | memory for words
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| what voltage gated channel opens more slowly to permit repolarization of the neuron to its resting potential and ultimatley help end the action potential | k +
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| what cortical lobe is critical for mapping changes in the body that occur in response to an emotionally competent stimuli | insula
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| the papez circuit began with what structure that was said to be responsible for many basic drives | hypothalmus
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| what cranial nerve is critical for both swallowing and salivation | glossopharyngeal
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| taste information is carried by which three receptors | facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
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| what type of glial cell provides myelin for the pns | schwann cell
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| the sodium potassium pump ejects 3 ___ for every 2___ it brings in | ejects 3 sodium, allows 2 potassium
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
Eileenasaur
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