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sp 461 final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| opening postsynapitc cholide cl+ channels generally results in what | hyperpolarization of the possynaptic cell |
| opening postsynaptic sodium na+ channels generally results in what | depolarization of the postsynaptic cell |
| speech disorders resulting from paralysis weakness, or incoordinatin of the speech musculature taht is neurologic orgin | dysarthrias |
| pathological laughing and cryng can result from damage to which two brain regions | brainstem and cerebellum |
| which is the cortical layer that recieves input from other brain structures | 4 |
| Where does the Dorsal tract travel after it synapses at the Medulla? | VPL Ventero Postero Lateral nucleus of Thalmus |
| Where does the Dorsal Tract Terminate | Post central Gyrus in Parietal Lobe |
| pre central gyrus, abduvens nerve, cerebellum and basal ganglia are all involved in what | movement |
| what is the most caudal portion of the brainstem | medulla |
| all afferent spinal tracts make obligatory stops at the thalamus except | spinocerebellar |
| primary auditory cortex, wernickes area, hershls gyrus and planum temporale are all located in the temporal lobe and important for | language |
| if somone stimulates hershls gyrus what might you hear | tones at different frequencies |
| what is the only cranial nerve to exit on the dorsal side of the spinal cord | facial |
| in which aphasia is brocas area cut off from frontal motor areas, impairing only spontaneous speach | transcortical motor |
| What 2 sensory tracts travel through the Ventero postero lateral nucleus of the thalmus | dorsal, anterolateral |
| where does the antero lateral tract travel after leaving the ganglia | dorsal horn |
| the reticular formation part of the anterolateral pathway comes after which synapase | dorsal horn |
| what is the side synapse of the anterolateral tract which comes after the reticular formation | superior colliculus |
| what stop on the antero lateral tract comes after the superior colliculus | thalmus vpl |
| where does the anterolateral tract terminate | primary somatosensory cortex |
| Where does the anterolateral tract decussate | at entry level |
| transcortical sensory aphasia | wernickes cut off from association cortex. language comprehension impaired, paraphasias.. can still repear |
| damage to mgn, primary auditory cortex and corpus calosum result in what | pure word deafness |
| global aphasia everything wrong damage to what areas | nearly complete occlusion of mca |
| transcortiacl motor aphasia often involves blockage of what | aca |
| what type of sensory info does the spinothalamic tract carry | crude pain and temperature, mechanical stress, local metabolism, cell rupture, skin parasites, immune hormone activity |
| brokas and wernickes involve blockage of what | specific branches of mca |
| Along the spinalthalamic tract, where does the neuron synapse after leaving the dorsal root ganglia | Lamina 1 neurons |
| Along the spinalthalamic tract, what synapse follows lamina 1 neurons | homeostatic control regions (e.g. NTS) |
| Along the spinalthalamic tract, what synapse precedes the synapse at the thalmus vpM | the homeostatic control regions (e.g) NTS |
| What sensory tract passes through the thalmus vp M | Spinothalamic |
| After which juncture along the spinalthalamic tract does the synapse terminate | vpM (thalmus) |
| Where does the spino thalamic tract terminate | Posterior insula |
| Where do pyramidal motor tracts cross | at the Medulla |
| where to extrapyramidal motor tracts cross | above the medulla |
| Describe the path of the corticospinal tract by place of synapse | primary motor cortex(precentralgyrus), axon in internal capsule, medula oblongata, spinal cord, motor neuron, skeletal muscle. |
| where does the corticospinal tract dessucate | at the medulla |
| what type of dessucation occurs for the cortico spinal tract | pyrimidal |
| where does the corticospinal tract originate | the primary motor cortex |
| after leaving the medulla, where does the corticospinal tract go | a motor neuron in the spinal cord |
| after going through a motor neuron in the spinal cord, where does the corticospinal tract terminate | skeletal muscle motor neuron |
| prozac blocks the seretonin re-uptake transporter on pre-synaptic axon terminal membranes. What does this accomplish | Increases the amount of seretonin available in the synaptic cleft |
| an axoaxonic synapse links neuronal structures how | axon to axon |
| what maps the body on the postcentral and precentral gyrus' | the homunculus |
| what type of matter of the spinal cord process information | the gray matter |
| what area of the spinal cord is for sensory processing | dorsal horn |
| what area of the spinal cord is for motor processing | ventral horn |
| what type of information does the spinocerebellar tract carry to the brain | somato sensory input (important for coordinating, complex movements, posture |
| where does the spinocerebellar tract originate | in a spinal border cell of the sacral spinal cord |
| where does the spinalcerebellar tract terminate | in the cerebral cortex and deep cerebral nuclei |
| what does the spinocerebellar tract pass through immediately before terminating in the cerebral cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei | superior cerebellar peduncle |
| where does the cortical spinal tract decussate | at the medulla, is pyramidal decussation |
| what does the corticalspinal tract pass through on it's way to the internal capsule | basis pedunculi |
| what spinal tract has no intervening nuclei from the primary motor cortex to th motor neurons of the spinal cord | corticospinal |
| what spinal tract transmits motor commands to muscle | the corticospinal tract |
| what neurotransmitter is critical for movement and found in the substantia niagra | dopamine |
| what nucleus does the spinocerebellar tract travel through within the thoracic spinal cord | Clarke's |
| which has fewer axons, the corticospinal or the rubrospinal tract | rubrospinal |
| where does the rubrospinal tract originate | in the midbrain(red nucleus) |
| where does the rubrospinal tract decussate | in the midbrain |
| what type of decussation occurs for the rubrospinal tract | ventral tegmental |
| if the corticospinal tract is damaged, tract provides residual voluntary muscle control | rubrospinal tract |
| within the rubrospinal tract, what is the red nucleus part of | the cerebellum to cortex pathway |
| which of the three motor tracts is extrapyramidal (crosses above the medulla) | vestibulospinal tract |
| where does the vestibulospinal tract originate | in the lateral vestibular nucleus |
| what does the vestibulospinal tract accomplish | integrates vestibular input (via cranial nerve VIII)with muscle movement for balance |
| Where does all taste information go | To the solitary nucleus |
| What is critically important for swallowing, specifically laryngeal contraction and elevation` | nucleus ambiguus |
| what cranial nerves are associated with swallowing | 9, 10, 11 |
| What neurotransmitter is associated with substantia niagra | dopamine |
| locus cerelious is a sourse of what nuerotransmitter | norepinephrine |
| where is locus cerulious | in the brainstem, specifically, the pons |
| what is the raphne nuclei a source of | seretonin |
| where are the raphne nuclei located | in the brainstem |
| what is your mnemonic for cranial nerve function | some say marry monny but my brother says big breasts matter most |
| which cranial nerves enter and leave the thalmus | 1 and 2, olfactory and optic |
| which cranial nerves enter and leave the brainstem | 3-12 |
| olfactory nerve: where does the path begin | chemoreceptors in the olfactory bulb |
| what standard nerve stop does the olfactory nerve circumvent | thalmus |
| olfactory nerve: from the olfactory bulbs, what is the next stop | olfactory tract, CN1 |
| olfactory nerve: Where does the olfactory tract lead to | cortex (entorhinal, piriform) and amygdala |
| what 3 cranial nerves deal with moving the eye | cn 3, 4, 6. oculomotor, trochlear, abducens |
| how does the binding of neurotransmitters to ionotropic postsynaptic receptors change the membrane potential for the postsynaptic neuron | by directly opening pores in the receptors that let certain ions through |
| what would many rapid EPSP (excitory postsynaptic potential) near each other on the postsynaptic cell probably lead to | action potential in a postsynaptic cell |
| what cranial nerve carries visual info | optic |
| where does the optic nerve terminate | thalamus |
| optic nerve: after begining with the photoreceptors, where does the info travel | ganglion cells |
| optic nerve: visual information reaches the optic nerves after passing through | ganglion cells |
| optic nerve the optic nerves precede what step in the visual pathway | optic chiasm |
| optic nerve; optic tracts carry info to the thalmus following what | optic chiasm |
| what cranial nerve controls 4/6 of the muscles that move the eye (including eyelid) | oculomotor |
| what two cranial nerves controls just one muscle of the eye each | trochlear, abducens |
| what is the only cranial nerve to exit and enter dorsally | trochlear |
| Are the 3 muscles that move the eye purely motor? | yes |
| the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of which structures | peripheral nerves, autonomic, and dorsal root ganglia |
| what nerves carry somatosensation for the head | 5 trigeminal, 7, 9, 10 |
| of the nerves that carry somatosensation for the head, which is most important | Trigeminal |
| where does the trigeminal nerve info begin | at mechanoreceptors/painreceptors |
| trigeminal nerve: from the mechanoreceptors, where does the info travel | trigeminal ganglia |
| trigeminal nerve: the main trigeminal sensory nucleus is preceded by which stop along the pathway | trigeminal ganglia |
| trigeminal nerve: the main trigeminal sensory nucleus comes before which stop | The thalmus VPM |
| trigeminal nerve: Does the trigeminal nerve through the thalmus VPM or VPL | VPM |
| trigeminal nerve: Where does the trigeminal nerve terminate | somatosensory cortex |
| trigeminal nerve: what is the step on this pathway directly before termination at the somatosensory cortex | thalmus VPM |
| what brainstem nuclei are directly associated with auditory processing | inferior colliculi |
| What type of brain cell is responsible for mylinating axons in the CNS | oligodendrocyte |
| What are the three main structural components of a typical nerve cell | axon, dendrite, soma (nucleus) |
| why does the rising phase of action potential occur so quickly | the na+ channel opens extremely fast at threshold -.55mV |
| In the rising phase of action potential, what is the threshold level that na+ channels open at | extremely fast-.55mV |
| How many muscles control facial expression | 44 |
| Stapedius muscle in ear, and facial expression are controlled by the motor aspect of which nerve | facial, 5 |
| What nerve carries the sensory information from the anterior 2/3s of the tongue | Facial |
| what are the 2 neural pathways involved in emotional expression | voluntary, spontaneous |
| What are brief facial announcements of deep emotion/feeling lasting 1/20th of a second, followed by repression called | Microexpressions |
| Emotion: What can a small stroke in the brainstem or cerebellum lead to | PLC (pathological laughing and crying) |
| What part of emotional expression do brainstem nuclei control | muscles of facial expression, head and neck movements, eye movements, diaphragm |
| What part of the emotional expression system influences timing and threshold for ongoing episodes of laughing/crying | cerebellum |
| What cranial nerve enters and exits at the medulla | cranial nerve 8, vestibular division |
| 3 semicircular canals, one utricle, and one saccule make up the five | vestibular organs |
| cranial nerve 8 vestibular division: begins where | at the medulla/pons, vestibular nuclei |
| cranial nerve 8 vestibular division:ventral posterior nucleus of the thalmus comes after which step in the chain | the medulla/pons, vestibular nuclei |
| where does the vestibular division of cn 8 terminate | vestibular cortex, which is the spacial part of the parietal lobe |
| what is the spacial part of the parietal lobe called | vestibular cortex |
| cranial nerve 8 vestibular division: what central step comes before termination in the vestibular cortex | thalmus, ventral posterior nuclei |
| tinnitus (ringing in the ear)can be caused by lesions in what division of cn8 | cochlear division |
| no hearing in ipsilateral ear can be caused by lesions in what division of cn8 | cochlear |
| what are the 2 divisions of the vestibular cochlear nerve cn8 | vestibular, cochlear |
| cn8 cochlear division: primarily carries what type of info | afferent info from the cochlea |
| cn8 cochlear division: where is the cochlear nucleus, where the nerve begins, located | pons |
| cn8 cochlear division: where is the superior olivary tract | pons |
| where is the inferior colliculus | midbrain |
| where is the auditory cortex | temporal lobe |
| which cranial nerve controls the posterior 1/3 of taste and touch for the tongue, along with afferents from the eustachian tube, tongue, pharynx and efferents to the salivary gland and muscle for swallowing` | cranial nerve 9. glossopharyngeal |
| if someone couldnt produce saliva or swallow, what cranial nerve is a likely culprit | cn9 glossopharyngeal |
| n9 glossopharyngeal: where are the primary sensory neurons | in the ganglia outside of the brainstem |
| n9 glossopharyngeal: where does the sensory portion end | solitary nucleus |
| n9 glossopharyngeal: what are the motor functions | swallowing, salivation |
| n9 glossopharyngeal: what muscle allows for swallowing and what part is associated | stylopharyngeus muscle, nucleus ambiguus |
| n9 glossopharyngeal: salivation by what gland, where | parotid salivary gland, inferior salivary nucleus |
| what does cn 10, vagus do | major afferent/efferent innervation of the viscera |
| what cranial nerve stimulates the heart | vagus |
| what cranial nerve has major parasympathetic control | vagus 10 |
| what cranial nerve integrates taste with viscera info in the solitary nucleus | vagus 10 |
| what cranial nerve recieves sensation from a small part of the external ear, and taste from a small region of the tongue near the epiglottis | vagus 10 |
| what cn involves major afferent input from the abdomen and thorax along with afferent input from they larynx and lower pharynx | vagus 10 |
| from where does the afferent info of the layrnx and pharynx come | vagus 10 |
| where are the primary neurons for cn 10 vagus | in ganglia outside the medulla |
| the descending nucleus of vagus is associated with | ear sensation |
| nucleus ambiguus | is gray matter in the brain and a source of motor output |
| what are the motor functions of vagus 10 | efferent output to the palatal/pharyngeal muscles (ambiguus), output to visceral glands, organs (dorsal motor nucleus) |
| what is the cranial portion of spinal accessory nerve 11 now considered part of | vagus |
| cn 11 spinal accessory: from where does the cranial portion arise | nucleus ambiguus medulla |
| where is the nucleus ambiguus | medulla |
| cn 11 spinal accessory: what does the cranial portion innervate | intrinsic muscles of the larynx |
| cn 11 spinal accessory: from where does the spinal portion arise | accessory nucleus |
| cn 11 spinal accessory: what does the spinal portion innervate | muscles of neck and back |
| what two things is the spinal accessory nerve responsible for innervating | intrinsic muscles of larynx, muscles of neck and back |
| what part of the thalmus does the optic nerve terminate in | lateral geniculate nucleus |
| what does hypoglossal nerve 12 innnervate | intrinsic/extrinsic muscles of tongue |
| from where does the hypoglossal nerve arise | the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla |
| what part of the vascular system offers both posterior and anterior communicating | circle of willis |
| what are the 2 parts of the internal carotid | aca, mca |
| Foramen Rotundum | Trigeminal (maxillary division) |
| Foramen ovale | trigeminal (mandibular division |
| foramen internal acoustic meatus | facial and auditory nerves |
| jugular foramen | glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory |
| foramen hypoglossal canal | hypoglossal nerve |
| foramen magnum | spinal accessory nerve, some artieries, medulla |
| upper motor neurons plus interneurons are part of what | cns |
| lower motor neurons plus 12 cranial nerve pairs and 31 spinal nerve pairs are part of what | pns |
| Where do both afferent and efferent nerves synapse within the spinal cord | neuromuscular juncture |
| upper motor neurons from pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts synapse with | lower motor nuclei in the brainstem |
| cell bodies of lower motor nuclei are grouped inside the | brainstem nuclei |
| cell bodies of sensory neurons gather in the | cranal ganglia |
| cranial nerves are attached to the brainstem at the | cranial nerve nuclei |
| what cn does touch for the anterior 2/3 of tongue | trigeminal |
| where does trigeminal originate | pons |
| 3 trigeminal mastication muscles | tensor veli palatini, anterior belly of diagastric, mylohyoid |
| what reflex is trigeminal related to | jaw jerk |
| where cranial nerve provides taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue | facial |
| what is important for visual orienting | superior coliculi |
| what is important for integrating auditory info | inferior coliculi |
| what is the encompassing term for neocortex, made up of: cell bodies and dendrites only (note dendrites included due to proximity to cell bodies | grey matter |
| what type of pump in an excitable membrane is referred to as a 2 way transporter | sodium/potassium |
| are sodium and potassium channels in an excitable membrane voltage gated | sometimes, sometimes not |
| bumps on the brain | gyri |
| grooves in the brain | sulci and fissure |
| difference in appearance predict difference in | function |
| what are actions or movements, many of them public, visible to others as they occur in the face, voice and behaviors | emotions |
| emotionally competent stimulus | the object or event, real or recalled triggers an emotion |
| 3 types of emotions | background, primary, social |
| partial or complete loss of language abilities following brain damage, often without the loss of cognitive faculties or the ability to move muscles used in speech | aphasia |
| procedure whereby a single hemisphere of the brain is anesthestized | wada |
| do wernickes or brocas patients make more paraphasic errors | wernickes |
| bundle of axons connecting 2 cortical areas | arcuate fasciculus |
| comprehension is good, speech is fluent, but cannot repeat words in this aphasia | conduction |
| conduction aphasia involves lesions to what area | parietal cortex and arcuate fasciculus |
| what is the largest bundle of axons providing communication between the cerebral hemispheres | corpus callosum |
| the region of the temporal lobe is usually signifigantly larger in what hemisphere | left |
| posterior belly of diagastric, stylohyiod, and platysma are the muscles innervated by what nerve | facial |
| what cranial nerve has the gag reflex | glosopharyngeal |
| what is the motor muscle of the tongue | stylopharyngeus |
| for speech, what are the major motor areas of vagus | velum, pharynx, larynx |
| trapexius and sternocleidomastoid are major motor muscles for what cn | spinal accessory |
| what are the major motor muscles for hypoglossal | intrinsic and extrinsic of tongue, geniohyoid |
| what are the four parts of the papez circuit, in order | hypothalmus, thalmus, cingulate cortex, hippocampus |
| cigulate cortex and insula are what type of cortex | paleocortical (old) |
| what part of the temporal lobe is associated with object recognition | ventral |
| kluver bucy syndrome : memory loss, indiscriminate sexual expression, visual agnosia, caused by what | bilateral temporal lobectomy, |
| what is a large subcortical nucleus with many inputs and outputs that is a key player in emotions (particularly fear | amygdala |
| what structure is just anterior to the hippocampus, in the temporal lobe, and fairly medial | amygdala |
| fear causes this to respond and happiness dampens its response | amygdala |
| amygdala tells brainstem nuclei to | freeze, orient |
| amygdala tells hypothalmus | stress horemones |
| when a neuron is at its resting potential , is the inside more positive or negative than the outside | negative |
| urbach wiethe disease | bilateral calcification of amygdala, dont experience or recognize anger or fear, dont orient to unexpected stimuli |
| 2 reasons preceptions dont reflect the real world | 1. detection (many forms of energy are not) 2. translation (sensory systems convert energy into electrochemical nerve impulses) |
| stimulus aspects (our stimuli is m.i.l.d.) | modality locality intensity duration. |
| 2 types of coding for stimulus modality | 1. labeled line 2. pattern |
| labeled line code | specialized sensory receptors. mylinated, sharp initial pain |
| pattern code | pattern of activity in variety of receptors unmylinated, long lasting pain |
| stimulus intensity coded in 2 ways | 1 frequency 2 population |
| duration of stimulus driven by | changes in stimuli (what nerv systm respnds bst to) |
| 3 components to sound | 1 frequency 2 intensity 3 complexity |
| frequency measured by; experienced as | cycles per second; pitch |
| intensity measured by; experienced as | wave amplitude; loudness |
| complexity measured by ; experienced as | types of combinations of waves; timbre, quality |
| interaural time delay | occurs for low frequency sounds 20/2000 hz, if sound is off to one side; is difference in when a sound reaches one ear versus another |
| interaural intensity difference | occurs for high freq 2000-20,000 hz. between 2 ears, occurs because head shadow blocks the sound |
| what type of aphasia results from damage to the language processing mechanism in cortex | primary |
| what type of aphasia results from damage to memory, precept, or attentional systems | secondary |
| what type of aphasia is caused by damage to the posterior portion of the left inferior gyrus of the frontal lobe | brocas |
| what type of glial cell helps clean up waste and cellular debris | microglia |
| what aphasia results from damage to the posterior regions of superior temporal (heschl's) gyrus | wernickes |
| what did wernicke propose that the posterior portion of heschls gyrus was for | memory for words |
| what voltage gated channel opens more slowly to permit repolarization of the neuron to its resting potential and ultimatley help end the action potential | k + |
| what cortical lobe is critical for mapping changes in the body that occur in response to an emotionally competent stimuli | insula |
| the papez circuit began with what structure that was said to be responsible for many basic drives | hypothalmus |
| what cranial nerve is critical for both swallowing and salivation | glossopharyngeal |
| taste information is carried by which three receptors | facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus |
| what type of glial cell provides myelin for the pns | schwann cell |
| the sodium potassium pump ejects 3 ___ for every 2___ it brings in | ejects 3 sodium, allows 2 potassium |
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