Vital Signs and Measurements
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| The body loses heat by a combination of what five processes? | Convection, Conduction, Radiation, Evaporation, and Elimination
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| What is the normal average body temperature for an adult? | 98.6 degrees fahrenheit or 37.0 degrees celsius.
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| Define afebrile. | absence of fever
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| Define febrile. | fever is present
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| Define pyrexia. | Fever
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| Why are mercury thermometers no longer used? | The mercury is dangerous to fetuses and the environment due to its toxicity.
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| What types of thermometers are available for use in the ambulatory care setting? | Disposable, digital, electronic, tympanic, glass, temporal artery
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| What is the thermometer of choice for pediatric patients older than 2 years? | Tympanic
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| What factors can cause a tympanic temperature reading to be inaccurate? | impacted cerumen or otitis media
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| What type of thermometers should always be separated? | oral and rectal.
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| What are the sites that can be used to detect pulse rates? | radial, carotid, brachial, temporal, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, apical
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| Define arrhythmia. | Abnormal rhythms of the pulse when either a beat is skipped or occurs sooner than expected.
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| What is the normal pulse rate for a newborn? | 130-160 bpm
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| What is the normal pulse rate for an infant? | 110-130 bpm
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| What is the normal pulse rate for a child between 1-7 years old? | 80-120 bpm
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| What is the normal pulse rate for a child older than 7 years? | 80-90 bpm
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| What is the normal pulse rate for an adult? | 60-80 bpm
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| Define bradycardia. | Pulse rate less than 60 bpm.
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| Define tachycardia. | Pulse rate greater than 100 bpm.
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| Define PVC | Premature Ventricular Contraction
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| Define eupnea. | Normal respiratory rate.
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| What is the normal respiratory rate for an infant? | 30-60 rpm
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| What is the normal respiratory rate for a child 1-7 years old? | 18-30 rpm
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| What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult? | 12-20 rpm
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| Define apnea. | The temporary complete absence fo breathing.
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| How is sleep apnea treated? | Weight loss and CPAP
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| What is narcolepsy? | sleep disorder that causes patients to have daytime sleeping while driving, eating, or sitting in a movie theater.
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| Define tachypnea. | respiratory rate greater than 40 rpm
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| Define bradypnea. | a decrease in the number of respirations
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| Define Cheyne-Stokes. | a regular pattern of irregular breathing rate.
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| Define hypoventilation. | respiration is decreased in rate and shallow in depth
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| Define hyperventilation. | a type of breathing in which the amounts of oxygen drawn in during inspiration are greatly increased, resulting in a decrease in the amount of blood carbon dioxide.
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| Asthma, pulmonary embolism or edema, and acute anxiety are associated with what respiratory disorder. | hyperventilation
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| Define rales: | rattling sounds heard during inspiration and expiration when the lung passageways contain secretions.
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| Define rhonchi. | sounds similar to snoring usually produced by a rattle in the throat.
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| Define wheezes. | high pitched musical sounds heard on expiration.
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| Asthma and emphysema are usually associated with what type of breath sound? | Wheezes
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| Define systole. | The force exerted on the arterial walls during cardiac contraction.
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| Define diastole. | The force exerted during cardiac relaxation.
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| What is the sound heard during phase I of measuring blood pressure. | a sharp tapping sound.
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| What is the sound heard during phase II of measuring blood pressure? | a soft swishing sound
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| What is the sound heard during phase III of measuring blood pressure? | a rhythmic tapping sound
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| What is the sound heard during phase IV of measuring blood pressure? | a muffling and fading of the tapping sounds.
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| What is the sound heard during phase V of measuring blood pressure? | all sounds disappear.
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| What two things must be kept in mind when measuring blood pressure? | patient comfort and accuracy.
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| What is the normal blood pressure for a newborn? | 50-52/25-30
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| Normal blood pressure for a child 6 years? | 95/62
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| Normal blood pressure for a child 10 years? | 100/65
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| Normal blood pressure for an adolescent 16 years? | 118/75
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| Normal blood pressure for an adult? | Systolic less than 120, Diastolic less than 80
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| Prehypertension | 120-139/80-89
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| High blood pressure | Above 140/90
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| What are the four types hypertension. | primary or essential, secondary, benign, and malignant.
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| What is the range of blood pressure for hypertension stage 2? | greater than 160/100
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