WVSOM Overview of endocrine system
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| What are hormones derived from? | amino acids, polypeptides/peptides, fatty acids and cholesterol
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| What hormones are derived from amino acids? | thyroid hormones, epi, dopamine, norepi, seretonin
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| What hormones are derived from fatty acids? | prostaglandins, thromboxanes
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| What hormones are derived from cholesterol? | steroids and vitamin D
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| Where are the 2 places hormone receptors located? | intracellular and plasma membrane
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| What are the intracellular hormone receptors? | nulcear; steroid, thyroid hormones and vitamin D
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| What are the plasma membrane hormone receptors? | amino acid derived, fatty acid derivatives and steroids
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| What factors influence a hormone’s affect on a cell/tissue? | concentration of hormones, presence, number, sensitivity of receptors, inactivation/clearance of hormone, and pattern ofhormonal release
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| What is the functional unit of the endocrine system? | hormones
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| What do hormones regulate? | enzyme reactions, transport of ions/molecules across embranes, gene expression and protein synthesis
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| What are hormone effects mediated by? | receptors
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| What concentrations do hormones have to exert effects? | low concentrations
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| What regulates the ability of hormones to affect cells/tissues? | half-life
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| What is hemocrine? | hormone released from cell and enters blood vessels
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| What is paracrine? | hormone released from cell and interacts with receptor on nearby cells
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| What is intercrine? | direct transfer fo messenger molecule into adjacent cells via gap junctions
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| What is juxtacrine? | messenger molecule remains associated with cell membrane of signaling cell and interacts with receptor on adjacent cell
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| What is autocrine? | hormone secreted and interacts with receptor on same cell
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| What is neurocrine? | messenger molecules produced by neurons. Synaptic and non-synaptic
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| What is synaptic neurocrine? | messenger molecules traverses synaptic space
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| What is non-synaptic neurocrine? | messenger molecule is carried to site of action by ECF or blood.
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| What is solicrine? | messenger molecule secreted into lumen of ductal system. (GI, respiratory, urogenital)
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| What is intracrine? | uptake of hormonal precursor and intracellular conversion to effective hormone and subsequent binding to intracellular receptors
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| What are examples of AA derived hormones? | dopamine, epinephrine, norepi, serotonin, thyroxine and triodothyronine
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| What are the 4 classifications of hormones? | AA, peptide/polypeptide, steroid, FA
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| What are the 4 types of steroid hormones? | Androgens, Oestrogens, Mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids
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| What fatty acid is the precursor to the FA hormones? | arachidonic acid
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| What are the 4 things that regulate hormone release? | nerve activation, environmental changes, hormonal stimulation and feedback to endocrine tissue
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| What are the 2 types of environmental changes that regulate hormone release? Internal and external |
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| What are some internal environmental changes? | metabolic/osmotic
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| What is an example of external environmental changes? | stress
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| What is an example of hormonal stimulation to regulation of hormone release? | hypothalamus and pituitary target certain organs
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| What are the 2 intracellular receptors? | cytoplasmic and nuclear
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| What are the plasma membrane receptors? | G proteins, tyrosine kinases, serine/threonine kinases and ion channels
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| What are the 3 types of hormone/hormone interactions? | synergistic, antagonistic and permissive
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| What is an example of synergistic hormone/hormone interaction? | glucagon and epinephrine
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| What is an example of antagonistic hormone/hormone interaction? | insulin and glucagon
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| What is an example of permissive hormone/hormone interaction? | steroid priming of hypothalamus/pituitary
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| Are plasma transport proteins saturable? | no
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| Is there signal transduction with plasma proteins? | no
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| What is the concentration of hormone receptors? | low
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| What are circadian rhythms? | pattern of secretion is every 24 hours e.g. melatonin
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| What is ultradian rhythm? | pattern of secretions are frequent every 90-100 minutes eg. Growth hormone
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| What is infradian rhythm? | pattern of secretion is over 24 hours e.g. LH surge
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| What is an example of a long feedback loop? | secretion of peripheral gland indirectly affects pituitary hormone
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| What is an example of a short feedback look? | secretion of pituitary affects hypothalamic hormone release
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| What is an example of ultrashort feedback loop? | a hormone feedback to a cell of its production or a neighboring cell to inhibit further secretion of itself
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| What does the parathyroid secrete? | PTH
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| What PTH do? | increases blood calcium levels
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| What does the placenta secrete? | progesterone
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| What are teh classic endocrine organs? | hypothalmus, pituitary, pineal, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testis, ovary, placenta
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| What does the adenohypophysis | FLAT PEG
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphins, GH
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| What do the ovaries produce | estrogen, progestins, , inhibins
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| What do the testies secrete? | androgens, inhibin
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| What does the thyroid secrete? | thyroxine (t4), triiodothyronine (t3) and calcitonin
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| What does the adreanal glands secrete? | medulla -- epi, norepi
cortex -- Glomerulosa is aldosterone, fascilata is corticosterones adn reticularis is androgens
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| What does the neurohypophysis secrete? | Oxytocin, ADH
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| What does the pineal gland secrete? | melatonin
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