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WVSOM -- phys
WVSOM Overview of endocrine system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are hormones derived from? | amino acids, polypeptides/peptides, fatty acids and cholesterol |
| What hormones are derived from amino acids? | thyroid hormones, epi, dopamine, norepi, seretonin |
| What hormones are derived from fatty acids? | prostaglandins, thromboxanes |
| What hormones are derived from cholesterol? | steroids and vitamin D |
| Where are the 2 places hormone receptors located? | intracellular and plasma membrane |
| What are the intracellular hormone receptors? | nulcear; steroid, thyroid hormones and vitamin D |
| What are the plasma membrane hormone receptors? | amino acid derived, fatty acid derivatives and steroids |
| What factors influence a hormone’s affect on a cell/tissue? | concentration of hormones, presence, number, sensitivity of receptors, inactivation/clearance of hormone, and pattern ofhormonal release |
| What is the functional unit of the endocrine system? | hormones |
| What do hormones regulate? | enzyme reactions, transport of ions/molecules across embranes, gene expression and protein synthesis |
| What are hormone effects mediated by? | receptors |
| What concentrations do hormones have to exert effects? | low concentrations |
| What regulates the ability of hormones to affect cells/tissues? | half-life |
| What is hemocrine? | hormone released from cell and enters blood vessels |
| What is paracrine? | hormone released from cell and interacts with receptor on nearby cells |
| What is intercrine? | direct transfer fo messenger molecule into adjacent cells via gap junctions |
| What is juxtacrine? | messenger molecule remains associated with cell membrane of signaling cell and interacts with receptor on adjacent cell |
| What is autocrine? | hormone secreted and interacts with receptor on same cell |
| What is neurocrine? | messenger molecules produced by neurons. Synaptic and non-synaptic |
| What is synaptic neurocrine? | messenger molecules traverses synaptic space |
| What is non-synaptic neurocrine? | messenger molecule is carried to site of action by ECF or blood. |
| What is solicrine? | messenger molecule secreted into lumen of ductal system. (GI, respiratory, urogenital) |
| What is intracrine? | uptake of hormonal precursor and intracellular conversion to effective hormone and subsequent binding to intracellular receptors |
| What are examples of AA derived hormones? | dopamine, epinephrine, norepi, serotonin, thyroxine and triodothyronine |
| What are the 4 classifications of hormones? | AA, peptide/polypeptide, steroid, FA |
| What are the 4 types of steroid hormones? | Androgens, Oestrogens, Mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids |
| What fatty acid is the precursor to the FA hormones? | arachidonic acid |
| What are the 4 things that regulate hormone release? | nerve activation, environmental changes, hormonal stimulation and feedback to endocrine tissue |
| What are the 2 types of environmental changes that regulate hormone release? Internal and external | |
| What are some internal environmental changes? | metabolic/osmotic |
| What is an example of external environmental changes? | stress |
| What is an example of hormonal stimulation to regulation of hormone release? | hypothalamus and pituitary target certain organs |
| What are the 2 intracellular receptors? | cytoplasmic and nuclear |
| What are the plasma membrane receptors? | G proteins, tyrosine kinases, serine/threonine kinases and ion channels |
| What are the 3 types of hormone/hormone interactions? | synergistic, antagonistic and permissive |
| What is an example of synergistic hormone/hormone interaction? | glucagon and epinephrine |
| What is an example of antagonistic hormone/hormone interaction? | insulin and glucagon |
| What is an example of permissive hormone/hormone interaction? | steroid priming of hypothalamus/pituitary |
| Are plasma transport proteins saturable? | no |
| Is there signal transduction with plasma proteins? | no |
| What is the concentration of hormone receptors? | low |
| What are circadian rhythms? | pattern of secretion is every 24 hours e.g. melatonin |
| What is ultradian rhythm? | pattern of secretions are frequent every 90-100 minutes eg. Growth hormone |
| What is infradian rhythm? | pattern of secretion is over 24 hours e.g. LH surge |
| What is an example of a long feedback loop? | secretion of peripheral gland indirectly affects pituitary hormone |
| What is an example of a short feedback look? | secretion of pituitary affects hypothalamic hormone release |
| What is an example of ultrashort feedback loop? | a hormone feedback to a cell of its production or a neighboring cell to inhibit further secretion of itself |
| What does the parathyroid secrete? | PTH |
| What PTH do? | increases blood calcium levels |
| What does the placenta secrete? | progesterone |
| What are teh classic endocrine organs? | hypothalmus, pituitary, pineal, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testis, ovary, placenta |
| What does the adenohypophysis | FLAT PEG FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphins, GH |
| What do the ovaries produce | estrogen, progestins, , inhibins |
| What do the testies secrete? | androgens, inhibin |
| What does the thyroid secrete? | thyroxine (t4), triiodothyronine (t3) and calcitonin |
| What does the adreanal glands secrete? | medulla -- epi, norepi cortex -- Glomerulosa is aldosterone, fascilata is corticosterones adn reticularis is androgens |
| What does the neurohypophysis secrete? | Oxytocin, ADH |
| What does the pineal gland secrete? | melatonin |
Created by:
tjamrose
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