Biochem - Protein and AA Metabolism and The Urea Cycle
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| show | Ammonia
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| What are the essential amino acids? | show 🗑
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| What are the two possible sources of essential amino acids? | show 🗑
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| show | Carbon (synthesis of glucose, fatty acids, ketones and energy)Nitrogen (urea)Synthesis of other N-containing molecules (purines, pyrimidines, porphyrine (bilirubin), neurotransmitters)
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| What is negative nitrogen balance? | show 🗑
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| When does negative nitrogen balance occur? | show 🗑
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| What is positive nitrogen balance? | show 🗑
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| When does positive nitrogen balance occur? | show 🗑
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| What is tyrosine synthesized from? | show 🗑
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| show | Tyrosine
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| show | Pyridoxal phosphateTetrahydrofolateTetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
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| show | NO!
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| show | Alanine
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| show | Aspartate
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| show | Glutamate
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| show | Pyruvate
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| What forms aspartate by transamination? | show 🗑
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| What forms glutamate by transamination? | show 🗑
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| Where is arginine generated? | show 🗑
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| Where does Cysteine get its S? | show 🗑
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| Can some enzymes used in amino acid synthesis also be used in amino acid degradation? | show 🗑
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| show | Vitamin B6
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| show | TransaminationDeamination
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| What is deamination? | show 🗑
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| What is transamination? | show 🗑
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| show | Alpha-ketoglutarate accepts the amino acid in transamination, which causes the formation of glutamate.
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| show | Transaminases
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| What is another name for transaminases? | show 🗑
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| What do transaminases/aminotransferases require as a cofactor? | show 🗑
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| show | YES!
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| show | It enables the same enzymes to be used in amino acid degradation and amino acid synthesis.
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| show | changes in concentration.
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| show | Pyruvate --> alanine
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| show | ALT
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| show | Oxaloacetate --> aspartate
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| What enzyme is involved in the oxaloacetate --> aspartate reaction? | show 🗑
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| show | Liver damage, because they are released into the plasma (thus showing up as high levels in the blood). You will also see low albumin levels in the blood, because albumin is the most abundant protein synthesized in the liver.)
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| show | It deaminates glutamate, resulting in alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia.
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| show | Liver
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| What enzyme is involved in the deamination of glutamate into alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia? | show 🗑
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| show | Glutamine synthase
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| show | glutamate and ammonium --> glutamine
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| How many ammonia molecules does glutamine have? | show 🗑
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| What enzyme is involved in the conversion:glutamine --> glutamate + NH4+? | show 🗑
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| What does glutaminase do? | show 🗑
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| show | Transporting ammonia to the liver.
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| How are pyruvate and ALT involved in the transport of ammonia to the liver? | show 🗑
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| show | Can create glucose.Ultimately degraded to pyruvate or TCA cycle intermediates.
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| show | CANNOT make glucose.Ultimately degraded to Acetyl CoA or acetoacetate.
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| show | Promotes amino acid uptake and protein synthesis.Pure protein meal stiumlates insulin secretion but much less than a carb meal would.
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| What is the effect of cortisol on amino acid metabolism? | show 🗑
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| show | Stimulates uptake of amino acids into the liver.
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| Do insulin, cortisol, and glucagon stimulate the uptake of amino acids into the liver? | show 🗑
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| show | Muscles = provide amino acids for metabolismLiver = uses lots of amino acids in fasted state
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| show | State of increased fuel usage.Negative nitrogen balance.Cortisol is a mediator.Ex. defense against infection/wound healing
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| Where does the urea cycle occur? | show 🗑
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| show | CPS1 (carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1)
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| What is the rate limiting step in the urea cycle? | show 🗑
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| show | OTC (ornithine transcarbomylase)
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| Where do the two N's in urea come from? | show 🗑
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| show | Glutamate
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| show | Mitochondria
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| In the urea cycle, after the first two steps, where do the following steps occur? | show 🗑
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| show | arginine fumarate
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| show | YES!
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| show | YES!
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| What is the rate limiting step of the urea cycle? | show 🗑
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| show | Feed forward process(substrate availability)
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| show | YES!
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| What is the role of NAG in the urea cycle? | show 🗑
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| show | Can cross membranes and is filtered into blood.Then, filtered by kidneys and excreted in urine.Some urea diffuses into intestines and is cleaved by bacteria.
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| What is BUN? | show 🗑
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| What does an elevated BUN show? | show 🗑
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| show | liver disease
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| How does diet affect BUN? | show 🗑
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| show | Increased ammonia levels in the blood.Caused by liver disease or kidney failure (more urea metabolized by intestinal bacteria = incr. BUN)
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| Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency (OTC), the most common cause of urea cycle disorder, is what type of genetic trait? | show 🗑
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