Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders MPD, Leukemia, Lymphomas
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| Proliferative Phases youngest to oldest | Myeloblast,Promyelocyte,Myelocyte,Metamyelocyte
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| Only way to identify myeloblast | Auer Rod
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| Myeloctye | no nucleoli, clumped cromatin, 12-18 micrometers
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| Monocytic-Macrophage Series | Monoblasts,promocytes, Monocytes
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| absolute Cell Counts | Total # of leukocytes x % of specific WBC= Absolute Count
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| LAP Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase | cytochemical stain. Differentiation of malignant disorders from leukomoid reactions.
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| Toxic granulation | azo granules. Precipitated RNA proteins. Infectious disease, burn, malignant disorders
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| Dohle Bodies | Light staining inclusions in neuts. viral infections burns or drugs. Seen in May-Hegglins anomaly
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| Hypersegmentation | associated with B12 , folate or megloblastic anemia
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| Pelger-Huet Anomaly | Acquired disorder. dumbell shaped, pence nez. Cell function is normal
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| May-Hegglin Anomaly | Genetic condition. Large granulated platelets in low volumes.
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| Chediak-Higashi Syndrome | Mutation of lysosomal trafficking and not working. Large granules in neuts.
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| Morphological Abnormalities of Mature Granulocytes | morulae in WBC gram neg bact.
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| Gauchers Disease | Lipid storage disease. 1-3 eccentric nuclei and wrinkled cytoplasm.
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| Lymphoblast | in bone marrow. N:C 4:1
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| Prolymphocyte | seen in bone marrow and thymus. Oval to round with 0-1 nucleoli
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| Atypical lymphs | Downey cells, reactive, transformed or virocytes
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| Vacuolated lymphs associated with | Niemann-Pick Disease, Tay Sachs, Hulers and Burketts lymphoma
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| CMV | herpes DNA Virus. leukocytosis, abnormal liver function tests, IgM or IgG positive titer
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| Bordetella Pertussis Infection aka Whooping Cough | Bacterial Infection. Leukocytosis high as 100x10. Absolute lymphs 15-40
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| DiGeorge Syndrome | increased helper to suppressor. low lymphs
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| Lupus | butterfly rash. Autoimmune disease. Positive ANA antibodies. Old test LE PREP. Titers greater then 1:32.
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| MPD Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders | closely related diseases characterized by normal cells with high production.
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| Examples of Myeloproliferative Disorders | Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia CML, Polycythemia Rubra Vera, Primary Myelofibrosis
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| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia AKA Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia | Myeloproliferation of primitive hematopoetitic progenitor cells. Excessive increase in mature myeloid cells in peripheral blood
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| Philadelphia Chromosome | found in 90% in CML cases. translocation of chromosome 22 to 9
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| LAP Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase | Differentiate CML and leukemoid reaction. Decreased in CML. Increased in Leukemoid reaction adn PCV.
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| Polycythemia Rubra Vera | Elevated RBC, leukocytosis and thrombocythemia. Increased RBC, HCT,HGB, decrease epo
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| Essential Throboythemia | elevated platelets 600x10
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| Myelodysplastic Syndromes MDS | clonal disorders of the bone marrow resulting in increased proliferation and inadequate maturation or imbalance of one or more cell lines.
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| Major difference is the blast threshold for diagnosis of AML. WHO vs FAB | 20% blasts to 30% blasts
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| Examples of myelodysplastic syndromes MDS | Refractory anemia RA, chronic myelomoncytic leukemia,
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| Neoplastic | new growth
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| Proliferation | high volume
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| Lymphomas | malignant tumor of lymph nodes and associated leukocytes in the bone tissue
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| Special cytochemical stains applied to | blood and bone marrow and reflect the chemical composition of the cells using color reactions.
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| Sudan Black B stain | Stains the lipid membrane black in mature neutrophilic ganulocyte. Used to differentiate AML from ALL
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| Myeloperoxidase stain MPX | positive reactions intensifies with maturity of the cell. Myeloblasts strong positive, Lymphocytes negative. Differentiate acute monocytic and acute myelogenous leukemias from ALL
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| Periodic Acid Schiff Stain PAS | Aldehydes>> bright red-pink lymphoblasts. Myloblasts negative
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| Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphate Stain LAP | Differentiates between Chronic Myelogenous leukemia and leukomoid reaction seen in severe infection or inflammation.
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| Hary Cell Leukemia | Variant of CLL. Predominance of B lymphocytes. Hairlike projections cytoplasmic projections, slate blue cytoplasm.
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| Multiple myeloma | Bone pain. Anemia, increased volume, rouleaux, Bence Jones Proteins in urine precipitates at 56 degree. M spike--- IgG
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| Waldenstrom | IgM
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| Hodgkins Lymphoma | abnormalaties of B lymphocytes. Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes- giant binuclear cells with red nucleus ( acidophilic nuclei). Peripheral blood not involved.
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| Burkitts lymphoma | associated with EBV. High proliferation rate of cells. Translocation of chromosome 8 and 2 , 22 and 14
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| Defining characteristic of Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia | Many blast cells with an absolute lymphocytosis
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| Factors related to leukemia include | genetic,radiation, chemicals,infectious agents
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| Finding 50-90% myeloblasts on a peripheral blood sample | myelobibrosis with myeloid metaplasia
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| This finding in ALL can help differentiate if from AML | Positivity for CD 19 and CD 22
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| Harry Cell leukemia is | a chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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| Most childhood leukemias are | acute lymphocytic
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| Commonly has B cell origin | Waldenstroms macroglobinemia
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| CLL is classically | B cell disorder
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| A common characteristic of ALL is | bone and joint pain
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