RBC Morphology, Anemia, Hemoglobinopathy
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| Normal size of RBC | 6.8 to 7.5 micrometer
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| Poikilocytosis | many shapes.
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| Acanthocyte | multiple thorny, spike like irregularly
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| Blister Cell | Pyknocytes. one or more vacuoles.
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| Burr Cells | Echinocytes. RBC with one or more knobby projections.
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| Ellliptocytes | sausage or rod shaped.
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| Helmet Cells | Schizocyte. larger scopped out part. ruptured blister
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| Schistocyte | fragment.
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| Sickle cell | depanocyte. crescents
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| Spherocyte | compact and very round
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| Stomatocytes | Slit like opening resembles a coffee bean.
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| Target Cells | Codocytes. Bulls eye
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| Teardrop | Dacryocyte. teardrop
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| Basophilic stippling | Tiny, round dark granules. associated with lead poisoning and sever anemias
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| Cabot rings | Loop shaped inclusions. remnants of mitotic spindles.
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| Heinz bodies | Denatured hemoglobin. Hemolytic anemia, G6PD deficiencies and hemolytic anemia
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| Howell-Jolly Bodies | Small with only 1-2 per cell DNA remnants.
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| Pappenheimer bodies | Siderotic granules. iron inclusions.
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| Ziemanns stippling | Dust fine pink dots in malaria
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| Hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC counts | Decreased
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| Shift to the left | Increase in immature cells
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| Chronic blood loss results in | hypochromic,microytic cells
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| Aplastic anemia | hypoproliferative disorder of pluripotiential or erythroid stem cells
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| Fanconi's Anemia | form of aplastic anemia. Inherited autosomal recessive gene.
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| Iron Deficiency Anemia | Hemoglobin, hematocrit decreased.
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| Megaloblastic Anemia | Absence of B12 and folic Acid
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| Megloblastic anemia lab findings | hemoglobin low. MCV and MCH increased. Macrocytes, ovalocytes, hyperseg
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| Shillings test | evidence of impaired B12 absorption correctly by intrinsic factor.
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| Osmotic Fragility Test | Phospholipid bilayer of the rbc membrane. hypotonic solution.
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| Hemolytic anemias | common anti u, anti lw, anti kell, jak or fya
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| hemoglobinopathy | genetic disorder. most caused by a single amino acid substitution. abnormal molecular structure
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| Examples of hemoglobinopathys | sickle cell and thalasemias
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| Normal adult hemoglobin levels | HbA-95%, HbA2 2%,HbA1 3%, HbF less then 1%
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| Sickle cell Genetics | AS-trait. ss-disease. Substitution of valine for glutamic acid in the 6th position.
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| Benefit of having the sickle cell trait | less chance for malaria parasite P. falciparum
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| Patients with sickle disease have | 80% Hbs and HbF up to 20%
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| Sickle C disease | absence of HbA. Presence of hemoglobin S and C
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| Thalassemia | imbalance of globin chains available for hemoglobin dimer construction.
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| Beta Thalassemia | single gene , beta chain disorder on chromosome 11. increased retics,bilirubin, iron and TIBC, HBF
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| Beta Thalassemia minor | trait. mild anemia
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| Beta Thalassemia major | Cooley's Anemia. Severe anemia. ineffective erythropoeisis.
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| Alpha Thalassemia | deletions that remove one or both alpha globin genes from chromosome 16. 4 types. Found in S. Asia, Middle East.
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| Hemoglobin H Disease | Alpha Thalassemia. 3 inactive genes. 4-30% HbH on electrophoresis.
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| Hydrops Fetalis with Hb Barts. | Alpha Thalassemia. four inactive genes.
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| Hemoglobin E Disease | Results from the substitution of lysine for glutamic acid on the beta globin chain on the 26 position.
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| Cells in chronic anemias appear | hypochromic and microcytic
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| Characteristically found on a smear peripheral smear in a case of anemia | poik, bao stippling, pappenheimer bodies,cabot rings, heinz bodies.
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| RBC of 9 micometers and MCV of 104fl | Macrocyte
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| Inclusion of DNA remnant | Howell-Jolly Body
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| Common cause of hyochromic anemia | Iron deficiency anemia
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| Microcytosis in reflected by | Decreased MCV
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| glycolytic enzyme deficiency associated with Pentose Phosphate pathway. aerobic pathway | G6PD
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| Megaloblastic anemia findings | maco-ovalocytes,Hyperseg neuts,Howell-Jolly bodies
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| Sleep associated blood in the urine and intravascular hemolysis | Paroxymal Noctural Hemoblobinuria
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| Thalassemia described as | abnormal rate of globin chain synthesis
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| Megloblastic | abnormal marrow erthrocyte resulting in macrocytes
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| AOI/ACD | inflammation or chronic disorder
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| Hereditary Spherocytosis | inherited hemolytic anemia/membrane defect
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| Autoimmune hemolytic | increase RBC destruction due to antibodies bound to RBC
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| Embden-Meyerhof Pathway | Major source of cellular energy. net gain 2 atp.
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| Luebering Rapoport Pathway | Oxygen carrying capacity of and rbc
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| MCV average volume of rbc | hct/rbc count
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| MCH Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin | hemoglobin/rbc count
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| MCHC hemoglobin concentration | hemoglobin/hct
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