12 Speech production models and instrumentation in speech.
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| Speech Production Models | -Help explain how the system works
-Predict the results of a breakdown (i.e, lesion) at any point in the system.
-Identify where breakdowns have occurred. i.e., Given a symptom, an accurate model should help pin-point the location of the lesion
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| Closed-Loop Systems | -Operation is dependent on internal feedback (self-monitoring systems) .
-i.e., a heater/air conditioner with a thermostat or A light that automatically comes on at dark.
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| Open-Loop Systems | -Operation is not dependent on internal feedback
-e.g., heater/air conditioner without a thermostat. Continues to heat/cool regardless of surrounding temperature or a unit on a timer (not getting any feedback)
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| The Speech Production Mechanism is what type of system? | Closed-loop Servosystem
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| Lombard Effect | -Evidence that the speech system is a servosystem
-as the noise around us gets louder, we talk louder. b/c we are use to hearing ourselves at a certain level auditorally and through bone conduction.
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| Side Tone | -Evidence that the speech system is a servosystem
-how we sound to ourselves when we talk through air and bine conduction
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| Delayed Auditory Feedback “DAF” | -Evidence that the speech system is a servosystem
-when timing of feedback from our own voice is altered what happens? We slow down our speech.
-makes normal people dysfluent, but makes stutters fluent
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| Fairbanks Servosystem motor | lungs/ air pressure
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| Fairbanks Servosystem Generator | vocal folds/ voicing
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| Fairbanks Servosystem Modulator | valves and articulators
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| Fairbanks Servosystem Output | what is said
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| Fairbanks Servosystem Channel 1 | Audition/ ability to hear yourself speak by air conduction
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| Fairbanks Servosystem Channel 2 | Hearing yourself by bone conduction
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| Fairbanks Servosystem Comparator | where u compare what you said w/ what you intended.
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| Fairbanks Servosystem mixer | where we change what we said to the correct output
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| Black & Lee (1951) | -First described the effects of DAF
-syllable repetitions
-sound prolongations
-slower reading rate
-artic errors
-males more affected than females
-Greatest effect on speech was when the delay was 200 ms
-Suggest we function @ syllable level
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| What unit of speech lasts about 200ms? | Avg syllable
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| Bob Ringel & colleagues at Purdue (early 1970s) | 1st described effects of auditory masking & Xylocaine injections on speech.
Found:
-Loss of tactile feedback affected consonants more than vowels
-Auditory masking disturbed vowel quality and rhythm
-Speech was altered but remained highly intelligible
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| Peter Ladefoged theory on vowels and consonants | Vowels are monitored auditorily, while consonants are regulated mostly by tactile/proprioceptive feedback.
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| the speech production unit requires how much feedback to maintain intelligibility | requires at least periodic auditory feedback to see that it is operating OK
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| Oral Stereognosis | the ability to use tactile information to make perceptual judgments
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| Vibrotactile Thresholds | the ability to detect the presence of sound vibrations
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| Two-Point Discrimination | How close together 2 pins can be when they touch you, and you still sense 2 pin pricks (i.e. a differential threshold)
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| Which is more sensitive front or back of mouth? | Front of the mouth
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| Which is most sensitive lips, tongue, or velum? | Sensitivity in this order:
1) Tongue
2) Lips
3) Velum
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| Which is more sensitive finger tips or tongue? | tongue
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| Children with articulation disorders and oral stereognosis tasks | -Children with articulation errors performed poorer on oral stereognosis tasks than normal speakers the same age.
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| stereognostic skills improve with | age
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| What are the implications for the term functional articulation disorders? | Means we haven't identified an organic or physical bases. Does NOT mean there wasn't one before, but that we can't see one now b/c we can’t go back in time.
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| What are the implications for conclusions drawn from an oral peripheral examination? | -All u can say is what person is doing today
-Cannot make causal conclusions
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| Types of Speech Production Measurements | -Neurologic Events
-Aerodynamic Events
-Structural Movement
-Acoustic Signal
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| Types of ways to measure Neurological Events | -Electroencephlograph (EEG)-
-Electromyography (EMG)- measures timing of muscles as they fire
-Functional MRI (fMRI)
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| Plethysmograph | Aerodynamic Event Device that measures the amount of air you’re exchanging
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| Oral Manometer | Aerodynamic Event Device that measures how much pressure are you generating
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| Spirometer | Aerodynamic Event Device that measures air flow as it comes out
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| Nasometer | Aerodynamic Event Device that measures how much air is coming out the nore rater than mouth. Used in cleft palate patients
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| Pneumotachograph | Aerodynamic Event Device that measures the rate at which air is moving
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| Strain Gauge | measuring jaw & lip movement
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| Electropalatography | measures tongue placement
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