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AOS4 - Vietnam NOTE: Do in order

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1965 Paragraph   1965 Paragraph  
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Prime Minister Menzies announced in Parliament the government’s decision to send a   battalion of Australian troops to Vietnam on the 29th of April 1965  
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Menzies justified his decision by quoting Australia’s treaty obligations under the   Australian New Zealand and United States defence pact (ANZUS) and the South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO).  
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At this time the Cold War was at its peak. Consequently, fear was rampant among Australians. With the   perceived threat of Communist China and the ‘domino theory’ both providing incentives for military action  
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The Minister for External Affairs at the time, Paul Hasluck, said that “it would not be in the Australian character or consistent with our   national self-respect to stand aside while the Americans do the fighting in what we know are our own interests and causes”.  
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Many groups were supportive of the governments decision. The Returned Services League (RSL) were supportive of the Vietnam War and   conscription seeing both as a rite of passage or ‘testing’ for the younger generations.  
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The majority of the media supported the Government in their decision, The Age characterises this; the decision was a “grave one” however “these are   inescapable obligations which fall on us"  
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A Gallup poll from September 1965 indicates that   56% of Australians supported continuing the fighting while only 28% supported bring the troops home.  
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The Australian took an alternative view, stating that the government “has made a   reckless decision on Vietnam which this nation may live to regret”.  
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However the majority of the   population were persuaded and seduced by the conservative media.  
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Many of the Churches in Australia were pro-war. The Catholic Church was largely supportive of the war. With   B. A. Santamaria speaking for many Catholics through his anti-communist commentaries on the television program ‘Point of View’.  
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However a group of Anglican Bishops, in a letter to the Prime Minister in March 1965 expressed that “our nation” should strive towards “bringing to a close a   war that is costing so many lives and reducing the economy of Vietnam to chaos”.  
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Groups such as Save Our Sons (SOS) and Youth Campaign Against Conscription (YCAC) were formed by 1965 and also held an anti-war stance. These groups organised   rallies and demonstrations. However their principle role was educative: circulating petitions, organising public meetings and conducting ‘teach-ins’.  
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1970 Paragraph   1970 Paragraph  
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At the May Moratoriums of 1970, more than   200,000 people gathered to protest against the war in cities and towns throughout the country  
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The leader of the Moratorium and Labor MP, Jim Cairns, stated that “the   killing and devastation is not declining… our interests are for peace”  
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The influence of the Moratorium is reflected in the shift of attitudes in some media outlets, such as The Age. Prior to the event, the newspaper described it as   “irresponsible, potentially dangerous and, ultimately futile”.  
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On May 9th, however, it reported,   “the takeover of the City of Melbourne was [achieved] with good humour… with dignity, and without violence”  
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On the other hand, not all citizens were of this belief. The Minister for Labour and National Service at the time, Billy Snedden, said that the leaders of the moratorium were   “political bikies pack-raping democracy”, representing attitudes of some in government.  
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Despite this event the PM John Gorton, had already announced on the   22nd of April, that Australian forces in Vietnam would be reduced.  
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Across the floor, the   Annual Victorian State ALP Conference in June supported young Australians who refused to be conscripted.  
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A Gallup poll taken on the 31st of October 1970 indicated that   42% of Australians wanted to continue the war, while 45% wanted to bring the troops home.  
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Furthermore, the Senate elections of 1970 were vastly varied, with   Liberal 21 seats, Country Party 5 seats, ALP 26 seats, DLP 5 seats and 3 Independent seats.. This result alone reflects a divided community  
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The attitudes of groups such as   Save Our Sons, Youth Campaign Against Conscription and the Draft Resistors Union now were reflected in the views of a slim majority in 1970.  
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1966-1969 Paragraph   1966-1969 Paragraph  
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In March 1966, Prime Minister   Harold Holt increased the Australian commitment in Vietnam.  
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In the same year, the first   Australian conscript, Errol Noack, was killed.  
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During these years a ‘television war’ was sparked with coverage of The Battle of Long Tan in August 1966—a significant battle for Australia, in which 18 Australians were killed and 4 wounded— the 1968   Tet Offensive, and the My Lai Massacre in 1969 all of which were ‘psychologically shattering’ for many supporters of the war.  
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The belief that the war was not   “winnable” evolved, as “the US could not even protect its own embassy” (Burns).  
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William White, a Sydney teacher, was the first   conscientious objector in the Vietnam era to refuse call up.  
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The Judge handling his case rejected his appeal on the grounds that White’s ideas were   “the result of ignorance rather than good reasoning founded on learning and logic”.  
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Many more objectors went underground and   joined the Draft Resistors Union, established in 1970.  
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Others took legitimate routes, volunteering for the Citizens Military Force at the   time of registration. Which in turn fuelled the anti-war movement, as pure pacifists remained heavily involved.  
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The returning soldiers brought with them stories, and   Super 8 films, of atrocities and conditions. That when shown to their friends and families, contributed to the shift in attitudes to the war.  
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Save Our Sons along with Youth Campaign Against Conscription were continuing their   educative role, with ‘teach-ins’ hosted at various Universities and town halls across the country  
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In August 1969, a Gallup poll revealed that   55% of Australians were opposed to the war, with 40% supporting the continuation of the war.  
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Last Paragraph   Last Paragraph  
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Therefore, it was through the cooperative and educative approach that various protest groups employed, coupled with the events of the   war in Vietnam and at home through the years 1965 to 1970,  
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that culminated in a change of attitudes, a change that   was clearly expressed at the moratoriums and is captured in the…. [BACK TO EXTRACT]  
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