For clinicals in Microbiology dept: Genus Shigella through Yersinia
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| What important species of pathogenic bacteria falls under the genus "Shigella?" | Shigella sonnei
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| Is Shigella gram-neg or gram-pos? | Shigella is gram neg.
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| What does Shigella sonnei look like? | Rods.
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| Is Shigella sonnei encapsulated or unencapsulated? | Shigella sonnei is unencapsulated.
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| Is Shigella sonnei motile or non-motile? | Shigella sonnei is non-motile.
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| How would you classify the respiratory functions of Shigella sonnei? | Shigella sonnei is a facultative anaerobe.
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| What kind of growth media should you use with Shigella sonnei? | Hektoen agar.
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| Is Shigella sonnei intracellular or extracellular? | Shigella sonnei is extracellular.
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| How is Shigella sonnei transmitted? There are 3 ways. | 1) Fecal-oral. 2) Flies! 3) Contaminated food or water.
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| What disease do you get from an infection of Shigella sonnei? | Bacillary dysentery, or Shigellosis.
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| How do you treat Shigellosis as caused by Shigella sonnei? | Ciprofloxacin or azithromycin.
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| How do you prevent Shigella sonnei, or Shigellosis? | 1) Protect food and water supplies from contamination 2) Vaccines exist but are in trial stage.
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| How do you diagnose Shigella sonnei in the lab? | Culture of Hektoen agar or other media used for intestinal pathogens.
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| Name 3 important species of pathogenic bacteria that fall under the genus "Staphylococcus." | 1) Staphylococcus aureus 2) Staphylococcus epidermidis 3) Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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| Staphylococcus stains gram pos or gram neg? | Staphylococcus stains darkly gram pos, therefore, it is darkly blue or purple.
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| What is the shape of Staphylococcus? | Staphylococcus is a round cocci. (It's really in the name.)
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| Staphylococcus looks like what under the microscope? | Staphylococcus looks like bunches of blue or purple grapes.
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| Staphylococcus is encapsulated or unencapsulated? | Either.
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| Staphylococcus is motile or non-motile? | Staphylococcus is non-motile.
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| How would you classify the respiration of Staphylococcus? | Staphylococcus is a facultative anaerobe.
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| What kind of growth medium should be used with Staphylococcus? | Enriched broth or blood medium.
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| Is Staphylococcus an intracellular or extracellular pathogen? | Staphylococcus can be either extracellular or a facultative intracellular pathogen.
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| How is Staphylococcus areus transmitted? | It is human flora on mucus membranes. It can enter through a wound.
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| What kind of toxinoses can be caused by Staphylococcus areus? | 1) Toxic shock syndrome 2) Staphylococcal food poisoning.
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| What kind of surface or skin diseases can be caused by Staphylococcus areus? | 1) Localized skin infection 2) Impetigo (diffuse)
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| What kinds of diseases can be caused by deeper infections of Staphylococcus areus? | 1) Deep localized infections 2) Acute infective endocarditis 3) Septicemia 4) Necrotizing pneumonia
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| How do you treat skin diseases caused by Staphylococcus areus? | Incision and drainage of localized lesions.
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| How do you treat diseases caused by Staphylococcus areus within the body? | 1) Nafcillin and oxacillin 2) Vancomycin for MRSA.
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| How do you prevent infection by Staphylococcus areus? | Barrier precautions. Wash hands. Disinfect fomites.
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| How do you diagnose Staphylococcus areus in the lab? | 1) Microscopy of strongly gram pos grape clusters 2) Catalaze pos AND coagulase pos 3) Deep yellow hemolytic colonies on enriched media.
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| How is Staphylococcus epidermidis transmitted? | Human flora in skin and anterior nares.
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| What diseases can be caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis? | Infection of prostheses, valves, and catheters. Things that go in the body.
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| How do you treat Staphylococcus epidermidis? | Vancomycin.
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| How do you diagnose Staphylococcus epidermidis in the lab? | 1) Microscopy of strongly gram pos grape clusters 2) Catlaze pos BUT coagulase neg 3) Novobiocin sensitive 4) White nonhemolytic colonies round in enriched media.
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| How is Staphylococcus saprophyticus transmitted? | It is part of normal vaginal flora.
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| Staphylococcus saprophyticus causes what diseases? | Cystitis in women.
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| How do you treat Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Penicillin G.
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| How do you diagnose Staphylococcus saprophyticus in the lab? | 1) Microscopy of strongly gram pos grape clusters 2) Catlaze pos BUT coagulase neg 3) Novobiocin RESISTANCE 4) White nonhemolytic colonies round in enriched media.
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| Name 3 important pathogenic species of bacteria that fall under the genus "Streptococcus?" | 1) Streptococcus agalactiae 2) Streptococcus pneumoniae 3) Streptococcus pyogenes
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| Streptococcus is gram neg or gram pos? | Streptococcus is gram pos, so it is blue or purple.
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| What is the shape of Streptococcus? | Ovoid or spherical.
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| Streptococcus is encapsulated or unencapsulated? | Either.
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| Streptococcus often forms up in __ or __. | pairs or chains
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| Streptococcus is motile or non-motile? | Streptococcus is non-motile.
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| How would you classify the respiratory functions of Streptococcus? | Streptococcus is a facultative anaerobe.
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| What kind of growth medium is best used with Streptococcus? | Blood agar.
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| Streptococcus is intracellular or extracellular? | Streptococcus is extracellular.
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| How is Streptococcus agalactiae transmitted? | It is human flora in vagina, urethral mucous membranes, and rectum. So it can be transmitted during birth or by sexual contact.
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| Streptococcus agalactiae can cause __ and __ in neonates. | meningitis and septicemia
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| Streptococcus agalactiae can cause __ in postpartem women. | endocarditis
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| Streptococcus agalactiae can cause opportunistic infections with __ and __. | septicemia and pneumonia
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| How do you treat Streptococcus agalactiae? | 1) Penicillin G 2) Ampicillin 3) Aminoglycoside in case of lethal infection.
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| How do you prevent Streptococcus agalactiae infections? | There is no vaccine.
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| How do you diagnost Streptococcus agalactiae in the lab? | 1) Culture shows large colonies with B-hemolysis 2) Catalase neg 3) Hydrolyzes sodium hippurate.
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| How is Streptococcus pneumoniae transmitted? | 1) Respiratory droplets 2) Human flora of nasopharynx that spreads when host immunocompromised.
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause acute __ __ and __ in adults. | bacterial pneumonia and meningitidis in adults.
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause __ __ and __ in children. | otitis media and sinusitis
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| How is Streptococcus pneumoniae treated? | 1) Penicillin G 2) Vancomycin if strain resistant to penicillin G.
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| How do you prevent Streptococcus pneumoniae? | 2 vaccines. One for adults (PPV) another for children (PCV).
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| How do you diagnost Streptococcus pneumoniae in the lab? | 1) Microscopy shows gram-pos, encapsulated lancet shaped diplococci 2) a-hemolysis on blood agar and bile soluble with optochin sensitivity 3) Positive Quellung reaction.
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| How is Streptococcus pyogenes transmitted? | 1) Respiratory droplets 2) Direct contact with impetigo lesions.
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| Streptococcus pyogenes can causes a long list of diseases. What are they? | 1) Streptococcal pharyngitis 2) Scarelet fever 3) Rheumatic fever 4) Impetigo and erysipelas 5) Puerperal fever 6) Necrotizing fasciitis.
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| How do you treat Streptococcus pyogenes? | 1) Penicillin G 2) Macrolides (like clarithromycin, azithromycin)
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| How do you treat necrotizing fasciitis as caused by Streptococcus pyogenes? | Drainage and debridement.
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| How do you prevent Streptococcus pyogenes infections? | There is no vaccine. But rapid antibiotic treatment can prevent rheumatic fever.
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| Cultures of Streptococcus pyogenes will grow on ? | Sheep blood agar, forming small, opalescent colonies surrounded by a large zone of B-hemolysis.
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| How do you diagnost Streptococcus pyogenes in the lab once it has been cultured? | 1) Serology for ASO 2) It is very sensitive to bacitracin.
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| What important species of pathogenic bacteria falls under the genus "Treponema?" | Treponema pallidum.
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| Is Treponema pallidum gram-neg or gram-pos? | Treponema pallidum is gram-neg, but stains poorly.
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| What is the shape of Treponema pallidum? | Treponema pallidum is a spirochete.
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| Is Treponema pallidum motile or non-motile? | Treponema pallidum is highly motile.
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| How would you classify the respiration of Treponema pallidum? | Treponema pallidum is aerobic.
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| Is Treponema pallidum intracellular or extracellular? | Treponema pallidum is extracellular.
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| How is Treponema pallidum transmitted? | Sexually.
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| What disease can be caused by Treponema pallidum? | 1) Syphilis 2) Congenital syphilis.
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| How do you treat Treponema pallidum? | 1) Penicillin G 2) Erythromycin 3) Tetracyline
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| How do you prevent syphilis as caused by Treponema pallidum? | 1) Safe sex 2) Antibiotics to pregnant women to prevent transmission. NOTE: No vaccine.
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| How do you view Treponema pallidum? | Dark field microscopy. Treponema pallidum cannot by cultured or viewed on a gram stained smear.
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| How do you diagnose Treponema pallidum? | 1) Serology 2) Trenponemal tests
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| What important species of bacteria falls under the genus "Vibrio?" | Vibrio cholerae.
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| Is Vibrio cholerae gram-neg or gram-pos? | Vibrio choleraeis gram-neg.
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| Vibrio cholerae is shaped like a __. | comma
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| Is Vibrio cholerae encapsulated or unencapsulated? | Vibrio cholerae is unencapsulated.
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| Is Vibrio cholerae motile or non-motile? | Vibrio cholerae is rapidly motile.
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| How would you classify the respiration of Vibrio cholerae? | Vibrio cholerae is a facultative anaerobe.
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| What medium would you use to culture Vibrio cholerae? | 1) Blood agar 2) MacConkey agar stimulated by NaCl
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| Is Vibrio cholerae intracellular or extracellular? | Vibrio cholerae is extracellular.
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| How is Vibrio cholerae transmitted? | Contaminated water or food; especially RAW SEAFOOD.
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| What disease can be caused by Vibrio cholerae? | Cholera. Duh.
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| How do you treat Vibrio cholerae? | 1) Fluid and electrolyte replacement 2) Doxycycline can shorten duration of illness.
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| How do you prevent Vibrio cholerae? | 1) Prevent fecal contamination of food/water 2) Careful food prep.
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| How do you diagnose Vibrio cholerae in the lab? | 1) Culture on blood or MacConkey enhanced by TCBS 2) Pos oxidase test.
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| What important species of bacteria fall under the genus "Yersinia?" | 1) Yersinia pestis 2) Yersinia enterocolitica 3) Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
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| Is Yersinia gram-neg or gram-pos? | Yersinia is gram-neg but stains bipolarly, giving it a safety pin appearance.
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| What is the shape of Yersinia? | Yersinia is a small rod.
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| Is Yersinia encapsulated or unencapsulated? | Yersinia is encapsulated.
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| Is Yersinia motile or non-motile? | Yersinia is non-motile.
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| How would you classify the respiration of Yersinia? | Yersinia is a facultative anaerobe.
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| What growth medium should be used with Yersinia? | 1) MacConkey agar 2) CIN agar
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| Is Yersinia extracellular or intracellular? | Yersinia is an intracellular pathogen.
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| How is Yersinia pestis transmitted? | 1) Fleas from animals 2) Ingestion of animal tissues 3) Respiratory droplets.
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| What diseases can be caused by Yersinia pestis? | 1) Bubonic plagues 2) Pneumonic plague
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| How do you treat Yersinia pestis? | 1) Streptomycin (preferred) 2) Gentamicin 3) Tetracycline 4) Supportive therapy for shock.
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| How do you prevent diseases caused by Yersinia pestis? | 1) Formalin plagues vaccine 2) Minimize exposure to rodents and fleas.
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| How do you diagnose Yersinia pestis in the lab? | 1) Gram-neg smear 2) If pneumonic, culture on MacConkey or blood agar.
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