For clinicals in Microbiology dept: Genus E through L
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| What important pathogenic species fall under the genus "Enterococcus?" There are 2. | 1) Enterococcus faecalis 2) Enterococcus faecium
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| Species under the genus Enterococcus are gram pos or gram neg? | Enterococcus is gram positive.
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| What shape are bacteria under the genus Enterococcus? | Enterococcus is a cocci, so the shape is round to ovoid.
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| How would you describe the motility of Enterococcus? | Enterococcus is non-motile.
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| What class of respiration is used by Enterococcus species of bacteria? | Enterococcus is a facultative anaerobe.
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| What is the preferred growth medium for Enterococcus bacteria? | 6.5% NaCl bile-esculin agar.
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| Are species under the genus Enterococcus intracellular or extracellular? | Enterococcus is extracellular.
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| How are species like Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium transmitted? | Enterococcus is an opportunistic part of human flora that enter through GI tract or urinary system. Surgery and wounds to those areas can cause this.
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| What diseases are caused by Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium? | Nosocomial infections.
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| How do you treat Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium? 3 combinations of answers. | 1) Penicillin and an aminoglycoside. 2) Vancomycin. 3) Quinuspirin and dalfopristin.
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| Is there a vaccine for Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium? | No.
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| How do you prevent infection by Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium? | Wash hands and take other nosocomial preventive measures.
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| How do you diagnost Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in the lab? | 1) Culture in 6.5% NaCl media 2) They can hydrolyze esculin in presence of bile.
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| What important species of bacteria fall under the genus "Escherichia?" | Escherichia coli, or E. coli.
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| Is Escherichia coli gram pos or gram neg? | E. Coli is gram neg.
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| What is the shape of Escherichia coli? | Bacilli; Escherichia coli is a short rod.
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| Is Escherichia coli encapsulated or unencapsulated? | Escherichia coli can be either encapsulated or unencapsulated!
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| Is Escherichia coli motile? | Normally; Escherichia coli is normally motile.
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| How would you classify the respiration of Escherichia coli? | E. coli is a facultative anaerobe.
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| What type of growth media should you use with Escherichia coli? | MacConkey agar.
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| Is Escherichia coli is extracellular or intracellular? | Escherichia coli can be either extracellular or intracellular.
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| How is Escherichia coli transmitted? | Escherichia coli can spread extraintestinally or proliferate in the GI tract of its host.
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| What diseases are caused by Escherichia coli? 3 answers. | 1) UTI 2) Diarrhea 3) Meningitis in infants.
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| How do you treat UTI when caused by Escherichia coli? | 1) Co-trimoxazole 2) Fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin)
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| How do you treat meningitis when caused by Escherichia coli? | 1) Combination of cephalosporin (cefotaximine) AND gentamycin.
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| How do you treat diarrhea when caused by Escherichia coli? | 1) Antibiotics like cephalosporin and gentamycin, in combination, will shorten duration of infection 2) Electrolyte and fluid replacement.
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| What vaccines are available to prevent infection by Escherichia coli? | None. It's normal flora.
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| How can you prevent infection by Escherichia coli? | 1. Carefully prepare food and water; cook ground beef and pasteurized milk against O157:H7 2) Wash hands and disinfect.
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| Upon what media do you culture Escherichia coli in the lab? | MacConkey agar.
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| How do you diagnose Escherichia coli in the lab? | Culture on MAC, study carbohydrate fermentation patterns. 1) Most E. coli ferment lactose 2) Most E. coli produce gas in glucose fermentation 3) Ferment Mannitol.
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| What strain of Escherichia coli can be found in cattle and can infect humans? | Escherichia coli O157:H7.
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| What diseases are caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7? | 1) Hemorrhagic colitis 2) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
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| How is enteropathogenic Escherichia coli transmitted? | Vertical, in utero, or at birth.
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| What important pathogenic species of bacteria falls under the genus "Franchisella?" | Franchisella tularensis.
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| Is Franchisella tularensis gram neg or gram pos? | Franchisella tularensis is gram neg.
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| How would you describe the shape of Franchisella tularensis? | Franchisella tularensis is a coccobacillus; it is small and pleomorphic.
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| Is Franchisella tularensis encapsulated or unencapsulated? | Franchisella tularensis is encapsulated.
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| Is Franchisella tularensis motile or non-motile? | Franchisella tularensis is non-motile.
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| How would you classify the respiration of Franchisella tularensis? | Franchisella tularensis is strictly aerobic.
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| Is Franchisella tularensis intracellular or extracellular? | Franchisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular pathogen.
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| What is the preferred growth medium for Franchisella tularensis? | Chocolate agar and Thayer-Martin media with appropriate additives. MacConkey agar is not reliable.
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| How is Franchisella tularensis transmitted? | 1) Vector-borne by arthropods 2) Infected animals, including domestic animals.
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| What disease is caused by Franchisella tularensis? | Franchisella tularensis causes Tularemia.
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| How do you treat Franchisella tularensis? | 1) Streptomycin 2) Gentamycin.
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| You can prevent Tularemia (as caused by Franchisella tularensis) by avoiding __ vectors. | insect
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| You can prevent Tularemia caused by Franchisella tularensis by taking precautions when handling ? | animals or animal products.
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| How is Franchisella tularensis diagnosed in the lab? | Serologically, but this is rarely done.
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| What important species of pathogen falls under the genus "Haemophilus?" | Haemophilus influenzae
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| Is Haemophilus influenzae a gram neg or gram pos? | Haemophilus influenzae is gram neg.
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| What is the shape of Haemophilus influenzae? | Haemophilus influenzae is a coccobacillus; it ranges from small to long, slender filaments.
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| Is Haemophilus influenzae encapsulated or unencapsulated? | Haemophilus influenzae can be either encapsulated or unencapsulated.
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| How would you describe the motility of Haemophilus influenzae? | Haemophilus influenzae is non-motile.
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| How is Haemophilus influenzae transmitted? | 1) Droplet contact 2) Spreads from upper respiratory tract; it is normal flora.
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| What diseases are caused Haemophilus influenzae? There are 3. | 1) Bacterial meningitis 2) URT infections 3) Pneumonia/bronchitis.
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| How do you treat meningitis infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae? | 1) 3rd generation cepholosporin, like cefotaxime or ceftriaxone 2) Combo of ampicillin and sulbactam.
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| How do you prevent infection by Haemophilus influenzae? | 1) Hib vaccine for infants 2) Rifampin.
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| How do you culture Haemophilus influenzae? | Chocolate agar with hemin factor X and NAD+ (factor V).
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| How do you diagnose Haemophilus influenzae in the lab? | 1) Culture on CHOC agar then 2) check for Quellung reaction 3) immunoflorescence staining of capsule 4) detection of capsular antigen CSF or other body fluids.
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| What is a Quellung reaction? | When antibodies bind to the bacterial capsule and allows it species to be visualized under a microscope. If the reaction is positive, the capsule becomes opaque and appears to enlarge.
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| What species does the Quellung reaction detect? There are 6. | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella
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| What important species of pathogenic bacterial falls under the genus "Helicobacter?" | Helicobacter pylori
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| Are Helicobacter pylori gram pos or gram neg? | Helicobacter pylori is gram neg.
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| What is the shape of Helicobacter pylori? | Helicobacter pylori is helix shaped. It is a curved rod, but not a spirochete.
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| How would you describe the movement or motility of Helicobacter pylori? | Helicobacter pylori has a rapid, corkscrew motility.
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| How would you classify the respiration of Helicobacter pylori? | Helicobacter pylori is microaerophilic.
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| What growth medium would you use with Helicobacter pylori? | Use a medium with antibiotics against other fecal flora.
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| Is Helicobacter pylori intracellular or extracellular? | Helicobacter pylori is extracellular.
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| How is Helicobacter pylori transmitted? | 1) Colonizing the stomach 2) Person to person, but how is unclear.
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| What diseases are caused by Helicobacter pylori? | 1) Peptic ulcer 2) Gastric carcinoma 3) Gastric B-cell lymphoma
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| How do you treat Helicobacter pylori? | Combination of tetracycline, metonidazole and bismuth salt.
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| What kind of vaccine can you take against Helicobacter pylori? | None.
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| How do you diagnose Helicobacter pylori in the lab? There are 3 answers. | 1) Look for corkscrew movement under microscope 2) Urease positivity by radioactively labeled urea 3) Serology by ELISA.
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| What important pathogenic species of microbe falls under the genus "Legionella?" | Legionella pneumophila.
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| Is Legionella pneumophila gram neg or gram pos? | Legionella pneumophila is gram neg, but stains poorly.
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| What is the shape of Legionella pneumophila? | Legionella pneumophila is cocobacillary in the lab with a monotrichious flagella.
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| Is Legionella pneumophila encapsulated or unencapsulated? | Legionella pneumophila is unencapsulated.
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| Is Legionella pneumophila motile or non-motile? | Legionella pneumophila is motile.
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| How would you classify the respiration of Legionella pneumophila? | Legionella pneumophila is aerobic.
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| What growth media would you use for Legionella pneumophila? | BCYE (Buffered charcoal yeast extract) enriched with L-cysteine, iron, and a-ketoglutarate.
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| Is Legionella pneumophila intracellular or extracellular? | Legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular pathogen.
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| How is Legionella pneumophila transmitted? | Droplet contact. Can come from humidifiers, AC (nonvehicular) and water distribution systems.
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| What diseases can be caused by Legionella pneumophila? | 1) Legionnaire's disease 2) Pontiac fever
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| How do you treat Legionella pneumophila? | 1) Macrolides like erythromycin or azithromycin 2) Fluoroquinolones
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| What vaccines are available for Legionella pneumophila? | None.
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| How can you prevent infection by Legionella pneumophila? | Legionella pneumophila infection can be prevented by heating water before use.
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| Legionella pneumophila can be cultured from what secretions? | Legionella pneumophila can be cultured from respiratory secretions onto BCYE agar.
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| How do you diagnose Legionella pneumophila in the lab? | Serology, including direct immunoflorescence and radioimmunoassay for antigen in urine. Can also detect by hybridization to ribosomal RNA using DNA probe.
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| What important species of pathogenic bacteria falls under the genus of "Leptospira?" | Leptospira interrogans.
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| Is Leptospira interrogans gram neg or gram pos? | Leptospira is gram neg, but stains poorly.
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| What shape will you see Leptospira interrogans under the microscope? | Leptospira is a spirochete; spiral or corkscrew shaped rods. The name Leptospira literally means thin coil.
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| How would you describe the motility of Leptospira? | Leptospira is highly motile.
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| How would you classify the respiration of Leptospira? | Leptospira is strictly aerobic.
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| What medium is used to grow Leptospira? | Blood agar.
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| Is Leptospira intracellular or extracellular? | Leptospira interrogans is an extracellular pathogen.
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| How is Leptospira interrogans transmitted? | Contaminated food/water by urine or infected animals. It can survive for weeks in stagnant water.
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| What disease can be caused by Leptospira interrogans? | Leptospirosis.
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| How do you treat Leptospirosis as caused by Leptospira interrogans? | 1) Penicillin G 2) Tetracycline like doxycycline
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| How do you prevent Leptospira interrogans infections? | No vaccine. Doxycycline. Rodent control.
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| How do you diagnose Leptospira interrogans in the lab? | 1) Dark field microscopy 2) Serology agglutination tests.
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| What species of pathogenic bacteria falls under the genus "Listeria?" | Listeria monocytogenes.
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| Is Listeria monocytogenes gram neg or gram pos? | Listeria monocytogenes is DARKLY gram pos.
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| Listeria monocytogenes has what shape? | Listeria monocytogenes is a short, slender rod.
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| How would you describe the motility of Listeria monocytogenes? | Listeria monocytogenes tumbles in liquid medium.
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| How would classify the respiration of Listeria monocytogenes? | Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative anaerobe.
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| What medium would you use to grow Listeria monocytogenes? | Enriched media. Mueller-Hinton agar.
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| Is Listeria monocytogenes intracellular or extracellular. | Listeria monocytogenes is an extracellular pathogen.
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| How is Listeria monocytogenes transmitted? | 1) Dairy 2) Ground meats 3) Poultry 4) Vertical to newborn or fetus.
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| What disease can you get from Listeria monocytogenes? | Listeriosis.
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| How do you treat Listeria monocytogenes? | 1) Ampicillin 2) Co-trimoxazole
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| How do you prevent Listeria monocytogenes? | Proper hand washing and food prep. No vaccine.
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| Listeria monocytogenes can be isolated from __ and __. | blood and CSF.
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| How do you diagnose Listeria monocytogenes in the lab? | 1) B-hemolysis and catalase production on blood agar 2) Morphology and motility under microscope.
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