NCEA Level 3 Biology Plant Animal Responses AS 91603
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| abiotic factors | The non-living (physical or climatic) aspects of an environment.
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| abscissic acid | A plant hormone with a range of effects e.g. promotes leaf and fruit abscission in some species.
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| abscission | Leaf or fruit fall.
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| actogram | An activity / time graph for an organism.
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| adaptation | A feature of an organism which helps it to live successfully in its environment.
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| adaptive advantage | The way in which the response helps to ensure the survival of the individual and therefore the population or species as a whole.
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| aggression | Attempts by an animal to harm or kill another animal of the same species with which it is competing (not predation).
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| agonistic behaviour | Ritualised behaviour between two members of the same species which are in conflict. Includes threat displays and submissive/dominance behaviours. Reduces actual physical fighting.
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| allelopathy | An interspecific relationship in which a plant species produces a chemical which is toxic to other species.
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| altruism | Behaviour in which an individual puts itself at risk for the benefit of the group e.g. warning of predators.
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| amensalism | An interspecific relationship in which one species is harmed and the other species is unaffected (or benefits) e.g. antibiosis and allelopathy.
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| antibiosis | An interspecific relationship in which one species releases a substance which inhibits the growth or kills another species (e.g. some fungi inhibit the growth of bacteria).
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| apical dominance | Growth pattern where there is one main trunk/stem and much smaller side branches, due to suppression of lateral (side) buds by a high concentration of auxin near the top of the plant.
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| auxin | A plant hormone. Involved in tropic responses because it affects cell elongation, also has various other roles and effects in plants.
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| Batesian mimicry | When a palatable animal mimics (looks like) an unpalatable one, providing protection from predators.
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| behaviour | The response of an organism to a stimulus. Can be innate or learned.
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| biological clock | An internal timing system in organisms.
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| biotic factors | Environmental factors which are the result of living things.
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| camouflage | Concealment method in which an animal is coloured to match its environment.
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| chemo- | Prefix for chemicals.
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| chemotaxis | The movement of an animal towards or away from a chemical stimulus.
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| chemotropims | Plant growth response towards or away from a chemical stimulus.
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| circa- | Means ‘about / approximately’. ONLY used to describe rhythms occurring in constant environmental (free-running) conditions.
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| circaannual | A rhythm of about one year occurring in constant environmental (free-running) conditions.
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| circadian | A rhythm of about 24 hours occurring in constant environmental (free-running) conditions.
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| circalunar | A rhythm of about one month occurring in constant environmental (free-running) conditions.
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| circatidal | A rhythm of about 12.5 hours occurring in constant environmental (free-running) conditions.
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| co-evolution | When two species with a strong ecological relationship influence each other’s evolution (the relationship acts as a strong selection pressure).
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| commensalism | An interspecific relationship where one organism benefits, but the other is unaffected.
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| competition | Occurs when organisms living in the same location require the same resource, for which demand exceeds supply. Can be interspecific or intraspecific.
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| cooperative breeding | Cooperation between individuals for successful reproduction, which may include courtship, mating and parental care of offspring.
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| cooperative interactions | When members of a species co-ordinate activities (e.g. food gathering, surveillance of predators) for their mutual benefit.
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| courtship | A series of signals exchanged between male and female and ending in mating.
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| crepuscular | Most active at dawn and dusk.
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| critical day length | The photoperiod above which long-day plants flower, and below which short day plants will flower. NB: remember: later research discovered it’s actually the length of DARKNESS which is critical to the plant.
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| cytokinin | A plant hormone. Various effects, including promoting cell division (and therefore growth).
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| daily rhythm | Activity occurring every 24 hours (NB: zeitgeber(s) present!).
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| day-neutral plant | A plant that flowers independently of the day length.
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| diapause | A period of arrested development (especially in insects in cold climates).
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| diurnal | Most active during the day.
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| dormancy | A state of temporarily reduced metabolism.
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| ectoparasite | A parasite which lives or feeds on the outside of its host.
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| ecological niche | The role of the organism in its ecosystem. Includes its feeding role, activity pattern, habitat and adaptations. Each species has a unique niche.
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| effector | Part of an organism where the response to the stimulus is carried out.
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| endogenous rhythm | Controlled by an internal timing mechanism (biological clock). It continues in the absence of environmental cues.
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| endoparasite | A parasite which lives on the inside of its host.
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| entrainment | Process by which the internal clock is reset so that it is synchronised with an environmental rhythm.
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| ethene / ethylene gas | A plant hormone which is produced and accumulates in aging fruit, promoting their ripening.
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| exogenous rhythm | Controlled by an external cue or stimulus.
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| exploitation | Interspecific relationship in which one species benefits while the other is harmed. Includes parasitism, herbivory and predation.
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| fitness | This means evolutionary fitness and is a measure of an organism’s reproductive success. ‘Fitter’ organisms are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their favourable alleles.
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| free running period | The length of an organism's activity period in the absence of external cues (zeitgebers).
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| free-running | Occurring in the absence of environmental cues.
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| Gause’s competitive exclusion principle | If two species have the same niche they cannot remain for long in the same habitat. One will be out-competed and eliminated (or at least reduced to a very small population.)
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| germination | The process by which a plant grows from a seed.
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| gibberellin | A plant hormone which promotes elongation of shoots.
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| gravi- (or geo-) | Prefix for gravity.
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| gravitropism | A plant growth response towards or away from the stimulus of gravity.
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| habitat | The specific environment in which an organism lives.
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| herbivory | A type of exploitation in which an animal eats plants (or their parts), benefiting the herbivore and (potentially) harming the plant.
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| hibernation | A period of suspended activity / very low metabolic activity during winter, generally to survive a lack of food.
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| hierarchy | When animals have a specific rank in the group. A linear hierarchy (or pecking order) has individuals ranked from highest (alpha individual) to lowest (omega individual).
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| homing | The ability of an animal to return to its home site over unfamiliar territory. It occurs on a regular (e.g. daily) basis.
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| hormone | Chemical messengers which control development and growth. Produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part where it takes effect.
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| hydro- | Prefix for water.
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| hydrotropism | A plant growth response towards or away from the stimulus of water.
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| innate behaviour | A fixed response to a stimulus, controlled by genes.
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| interspecific | Between two different species.
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| intraspecific | Within one species.
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| jet-lag | Condition caused when the endogenous circadian rhythm does not match external cues. Usually caused by travelling across time zones.
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| kin selection | When an individual puts them self at risk to assist the survival of another individual to which they are related. This helps to ensure their alleles are passed on.
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| kinesis | Non-directional movement response in animals in which the rate of activity is determined by the intensity of the stimulus.
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| klinokinesis | Non-directional movement response in animals in which the rate of turning is determined by the intensity of the stimulus... faster in unfavourable conditions and slower in favourable conditions.
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| learned behaviour | Behaviour which is modified by experience.
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| limiting factor | Any variable factor of the environment that limits the activity of an organism or population.
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| long-day plant | A plant that flowers when the day length exceeds the critical day length (i.e. requires a short night).
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| magnetic compass | Ability of animals to use Earth’s magnetic field lines for orientation and navigation.
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| meristem | Area at tips of shoots and roots where cells are dividing rapidly.
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| migration | The mass movement, typically annually, of animals over a long distance between two habitats. One habitat is normally a breeding or feeding area.
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| mimicry | The similarity in appearance of one species of animal to another unrelated species that provides a benefit (e.g. protection from predators).
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| monogamy | Each male mates with only one female (and vice versa).
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| mortality | The number or proportion of deaths in a population over time.
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| Mullerian mimicry | Where several unpalatable (inedible) species resemble each other, providing protection from predators.
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| mutualism | An interspecific relationship where both species benefit.
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| navigation | Determining the position relative to other locations.
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| nastic responses | A plant turgor response that is independent of the direction of the stimulus. Not a growth response. Rapid and reversible e.g. sensitive plant (Mimosa).
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| niche differentiation | The process by which differences evolve in the niches of competing species, e.g.in resource use in time, space. This specialisation reduces interspecific competition.
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| nocturnal | Most active at night.
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| orientation | The ability of organisms to determine their location in relation to environmental stimuli.
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| orthokinesis | Non-directional movement response in animals in which the speed of movement is determined by the intensity of the stimulus... faster in unfavourable conditions and slower in favourable conditions.
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| pair bond | A long-lasting relationship between a particular male and female.
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| parasitism | A form of exploitation in which one species (the parasite) feeds off another living species (the host).
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| parasitoid | An organism which is parasitic at only one stage of its life cycle.
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| parental care | Investment of resources by parents in the survival of offspring.
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| period | The length of the activity cycle (how long it takes to repeat) of an organism.
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| personal distance | The close-up distance around an animal that is never invaded except for mating or fighting.
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| phase shift | A change in the starting time of a rhythm (but not its period).
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| pheromone | Chemical used as a signal to other members of the same species.
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| photo- | Prefix for light.
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| photoperiod | The day length; this is the most reliable indicator of time of the year.
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| photoperiodism | The control of seasonal activity by day length.
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| phototaxis | Movement of an organisms towards or away from a light stimulus.
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| phototropism | Plant growth response toward or away from a light stimulus.
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| phytochrome | A plant pigment that controls the photoperiodic response (measures the length of darkness / light).
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| plumule | The first shoot of a young plant.
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| polygamy | A social system in which individuals mate with more than one member of the opposite sex during a breeding season.
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| predation | A form of exploitation in which one species (the predator) kills and eats another species (the prey).
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| r/K strategies | r-strategist: large number of offspring but little parental care; K-strategist: small number of offspring, but large investment in parental care of each.
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| receptors | Part of an organism which is able to detect a change in the environment (stimulus).
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| short-day plant | A plant that flowers when the day length is less than the critical day length (i.e. requires a long night).
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| solar navigation | Using the position of the sun to navigate. NB: requires an internal clock to compensate for changing position of sun in sky.
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| star compass | Ability of an animal to orientate and navigate using the pattern of stars.
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| stellar navigation | Using the stars to navigate.
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| stimulus | A change in the environment which causes a response in an organism.
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| stratification | Two different biological meanings: where seeds are treated to simulate winter conditions so that germination may occur, OR a vertical pattern in the distribution of species - e.g. the layers of plants in a forest.
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| submissive behaviour | When an individual indicates, by an act or posture, that it will not challenge a dominant individual in a social group. This behaviour is important in maintaining a dominance hierarchy.
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| subordinate | Lower in rank e.g. in a linear hierarchy
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| succession | A pattern in the distribution of species over time (e.g. in plants from bare rock to forest).
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| sun compass | Ability of an animal to orientate and navigate using the sun’s position. NB: requires an internal clock to compensate for changing position of sun in sky.
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| taxis | The movement of an organism towards or away from a directional stimulus.
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| territoriality | When individuals or groups of a species have territories which they defend.
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| territory | An area used by an animal for feeding or breeding, that the animal will defend against individuals of its own species. Territories do not overlap.
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| thigmo- | Prefix for touch (physical contact).
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| thigmonasty | A plant turgor response to the stimulus of touch (e.g. leaves close).
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| thigmotropism | A plant growth response towards or away from the stimulus of touch (contact).
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| tropism | A plant growth response to towards or away from a directional stimulus.
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| vernalisation | Promotion of flowering by chilling (e.g. some bulbs such as tulips require this).
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| zeitgeber | The external environmental cue used to ‘set’ the biological clock. In most species, this is the change from light to dark (or dark to light).
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| zonation | A horizontal pattern in the distribution of species e.g. zones of plants of different types up a mountain or bands of particular species on the rocky shore.
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| suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) | A tiny region within the hypothalamus of the brain, connected by nerves to the eyes. Responsible for controlling the circadian rhythm in animals.
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