Neuro Chapter 6
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| Diencephalon | Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
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| Epithalamus | Part of Diencephalon that regulates diurnal (sleep Cycle,body temperature, metabolic rate/digestion) and automatic body functions
Consists of the Pineal Gland & Habenular
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| Subthalamus | Part of Diencephalon that is Important in motor control
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| Hypothalamus | -Part of Diencephalon that mediates endocrine and metabolic states
-Is directly related to the limbic system
-Regulates body temp, water and food intake, metabolism, sexual behavior, anger, aggression.
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| Limbic System | takes care of our most primitive functions like sexual drive, hunger etc...
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| Main function of Thalamus | -acts as relay station receiving info & sending info to another part of the CNS
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| Other Functions of Thalamus | -Integrates sensorimotor information from the Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, & Cortex
-Regulates function of association cortex & cortically mediated speech, language, & cognitive functions.
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| Three levels of Thalamic Nuclei | Medial
Ventral
Lateral
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| Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus | Most primitive of thalamic nucleus
Relays info to the Limbic system,contributes to direction of:
digestive
respiratory
urogenital
endocrine functions
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| Reticular Nucleus | Thalamic nucleus that acts a sensory integrator and relayer of motor info
-Located between external medullary lamina and internal capsule
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| Intralaminar Nuclei | -Thalamic nucleus in core of internal medullary lamina
-Has afferent and efferent connections
-Modulates Excitability of association cortex
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| Intralaminar Nuclei Afferent Connections | -Brings info into the thalamus from various locations like the Globus Pallidus, Vestibular N, Superior colliculus, brainstem reticular formation, Cortex, Brainstem & Cerebellum
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| Intralaminar Nuclei Efferent Connections | Takes info away from the Thalamus to the
Basal Ganglia and Cortex
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| Dorsomedial Nucleus | Integrates emotion, thought, and judgment
Destruction lowers threshold for rage
May be related Korsakoff's syndrome
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| Dorsomedial Nucleus Afferent connections | Afferent(towards the thalamus) connections from prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, centromedianum nucleus, hypothalamus
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| Dorsomedial Nucleus Efferent connections | Efferent (away) projections to prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex and limbic structures
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| Midline Nucelus Complex | -Medial Nucleus of the Thalamus
-Important in visceral functions
-Afferent Connections from brainstem reticular formation
-Efferent Connections to Cingulate gyrus and hypothalamus
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| Pulvinar | Lateral nuclear complex located on the posterior portion of the Thalamus
-Connects visual areas with association cortex
-Important in language formation, language processing, lexical properties, reading writing-
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| Ventral Anterior Nucleus | Thalamic Ventral Nuclear Complex
-Premotor cortex and skilled movements
-Voluntary movements
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| Ventrolateral Nucleus | Thalamic Ventral Nuclear Complex
-Contributes to voluntary motor tasks
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| Ventral Posterior Nucleus | Thalamic Ventral Nuclear Complex
Sensation from Body and Face
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| Lateral Geniculate Bodies | -located on the Thalamus (little posterior balls)
-Relay center for Vision
-Unilateral lesion would not cause vision lost, bilateral would
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| Medial Geniculate Body | -located on the Thalamus
-Relay center for Audition (cannot see on thalamus picture)
-unilateral destruction in this area you will still be able to hear in both ears b/c only 10% of info if ipsilateral. Bilateral lesion would result in hearing lost
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| Pineal Gland | Part of the epithalamus
-Important for hormone productions
-Inhibitory influence over gonadal function (sex function)
-Diurnal rhythms (Important for regulating sleep cycle)
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| Habenular Nucleus | Part of the epithalamus
-Serves autonomic function and emotional drives
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| Parts of the Subthalamus | 2 Parts:
-Subthalamic Nuclei
-Zona Incerta
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| Subthalamic Nuclei | - Controls Motor functions
- deterioration of this area causes Hemiballism (motor disorder: involuntary violent movements, persists only during wakefulness)
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| Zona Incerta | Visualmotor Coordinator
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| Parts of Hypothalamus | -Optic chiasm (where visiual info crosses over)
-Mammillary Bodies
-Hypophysis (Pituitary gland)
-Infundibular stem
-Tuber cinereum
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| Cognitive Functions of Thalamus | -Involved in language & speech functions
-Subcortical aphasia include a thalamic based aphasia (left dominant thalamus)
-Word Fluency Problems (decrease word output)
-Neurogenic stuttering from surgeries or stroke in thalamus
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| Thalamic Syndrome | -Gross detection of sensations at thalamic level
-Can result in very strong misinterpretations of sensation
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