exam notes
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| 1995 Standish Group study (CHAOS) found that... | only 16.2% of IT projects were successful in meeting scope, time, and cost goals; over 31% of IT projects were canceled before completion
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| Advantages of Using Formal Project Management | Better control of financial, physical, and human resources
Improved customer relations
Shorter development times
Lower costs
Higher quality and increased reliability
Higher profit margins
Improved productivity/morale
Better internal coordination
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| Project | a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result
Cannot be run in isolation-They are run in context!
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| Operations | work done to sustain the busines
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| Project Attributes | has a unique purpose
is temporary, involves uncertainty
is developed using progressive elaboration
requires resources
should have a primary customer or sponsor
involves uncertainty
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| Project sponsor | The project sponsor usually provides the direction and funding for the project
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| Project managers | work with project sponsors, project team, and other people involved in a project to meet project goals
strive to meet the triple constraint
and also facilitate the entire process to meet the needs and expectations of project stakeholders
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| Program | group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually
Program managers oversee programs; often act as bosses for project managers
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| Triple constraint of PM | Scope goal
Cost goal
Time goal
-Very traditional way of measuring projects, not the best measure of success
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| Project management | “the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements”
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| Ten Knowledge areas | *key competencies that project managers must develop
1.Scope mgmt
2. Time mgmt
3. Cost mgmt
4. Quality mgmt
5. HR mgmt
6. Communications mgmt
7. Risk mgmt
8. Procurement mgmt
9. Stakeholder mgmt
10. All these are part of Project Integration Mgmt
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| Project Stakeholders | people involved in or affected by project activities.
the project sponsor
the project manager
the project team
support staff
customers
users
suppliers
opponents to the project
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| PM Tools and techniques | assist project managers and their teams in various aspects of PM.
SCOPE: Project charter, scope statement, WBS.
TIME:Gantt charts, network diagrams, critical path analysis, critical chain scheduling.
COST: Cost estimates and earned value mgmt
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| Super tools | high potential for improving project success
Progress reports
Kick-off meetings
Gantt charts
Change requests
PM Software
Scope statements
Requirements analyses
Lessons-learned reports
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| Why are projects improving? | and better skilled project managers with better management processes are being used
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| Project Success | Defined by:
The project met scope, time, cost goals
It satisfied the customer/sponsor
Met its main objective, such as making or saving a certain amount of money, providing a good return on investment, or simply making the sponsors happy
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| What helps projects succeed? | 1. User involvement
2. Executive support
3. Clear business objectives
4. Emotional maturity
5. Optimizing scope
6. Agile process
7. Project management expertise
8. Skilled resources
9. Execution
10. Tools and infrastructure
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| project portfolio management | orgs manage projects and programs as a portfolio of investments that contribute to the entire enterprise’s success
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| Portfolio managers | help their organizations make wise investment decisions by helping to select and analyze projects from a strategic perspective
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| Best practice | an optimal way recognized by industry to achieve a stated goal or objective
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| Important skills for PMs | 1. People skills
2. Leadership
3. Listening
4. Integrity, ethics, consistency
5. Building trust
6. Communication
7. Building teams
8. Conflict resolution & management
9. Critical thinking, problem solving
10. Understands, balances priorities
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| Leader | focuses on long-term goals and big-picture objectives while inspiring people to reach those goals
manager deals with the day-to-day details of meeting specific goals
Effective managers provide leadership by example.
PM= Leader + Manager
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| System thinking | Taking a holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization.
The way project managers should think about projects.
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| Systems approach | analytical approach to management and problem solving
Three parts:
Systems philosophy
Systems analysis
Systems management
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| Systems philosophy | an overall model for thinking about things as systems
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| Systems analysis | problem-solving approach
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| Systems management | address business, technological, and organizational issues before making changes to systems
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| Three sphere model for systems management | Model which includes the business, organisation and technoogy aspects of management.
Eg---
Business: What will it cost?
Org: How will it affect employees?
Tech: Should it be ms or apple?
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| Perspectives on organisations | Structural
Human resources
Political
Symbolic
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| Structural perspective | roles and responsibilities, coordination and control.
Org charts help describe this.
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| HR perspective | Providing harmony between needs of org and needs of ppl.
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| Political perspective | Coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups. Conflict and power are key issues.
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| Symbolic perspective | Symbols and meanings related to events. Culture, language, traditions and image are all parts of this.
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| Organisational structures | three basic structures.
Functional
Project
Matrix
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| Functional structure | functional managers report to the CEO
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| Project structure | program managers report to the CEO
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| Matrix structure | middle ground between functional and project structures; personnel often report to two or more bosses; structure can be weak, balanced, or strong matrix
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| Organisational Culture | a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviours that characterize the functioning of an organization
Great need for org commitment to IT, negative attitude will= project failures. CIO helps. Assigning non-IT ppl to IT projects encourages commitment
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| Ten characteristics of org culture | Member identity*
Group emphasis*
People focus
Unit integration*
Control
Risk tolerance*
Reward criteria*
Conflict tolerance*
Means-ends orientation
Open-systems focus*
* Need to be high for project success
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| Top management | Top management are key stakeholders in projects
Their level of commitment is v/important in helping managers lead projects successfully.
Provide adequate resources
Approve unique needs in a timely manner
Mentor on leadership issues
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| Champion | Senior manager who acts as a key proponent for a project.
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| IT Governance | addresses the authority and control for key IT activities in organizations, including IT infrastructure, IT use, and project management
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| Organisational standards. | Standards and guidelines help project managers be more effective
Eg.
Use of standard forms and software for PM
Development & use of guidelines for writing project plans/ status info
Creation of a PM office or center of excellence
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