Female Reproductive System
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| Menstrual Cycle | 21-35 days,variable,28 days avg.some women regular,others irregular.ovum prepared for release from follicle.uterus prepared for implantation of embryo.
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| Ovarian Cycle | ovum growth,release,follicular change.
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| Follicular Phase | Days 1-14,dominated by FSH stimulation.several follicles enlarge and form antrum.one follicle outgrows others,which regress in size (atresial).estrogen released from granulosa and thecal cells surrunding ovum.
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| Ovulation | 14th day.high levels of estrogen stimulates kisspeptin release from the hypothal.kisspeptin stimulates gnrh release which stimulates the lh surge.lh surge from anterior pituitary ruptures antrum.
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| Ovulation cont. | ovum released into released into abdomen,fimbria sweep ovum into oviduct.ovum surrounded by granulosa and thecal cells and zon pellucide (gel).ovum moves down oviduct into uterus-5 days in transit.
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| Luteal Phase | days 14-28.corpus luteum forms from remaining cells in ruptured follicle.cl secretes progesterone and estrogen.progesterone prepares uterus for implantation.
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| Uterine Cycle | site of fetal growth.changes will supply implanted embryo
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| Proliferate Phase | days 5-14.variable part of cycle.estrogen dominated.repair of uterine surfaces after menstruation.inc uterine lining thickness and blood supply.
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| Secretory Phase | days 14-28.uterine lining greatly inc. vascularization and thickness.progesterone dominates-p dec uterine contractions.uterus secretes glycogen for embryo.
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| Menstruation | days 1-5.sloughing off of uterine lining if no implantation
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| Cervix | opening btw vagina and uterus.usually blocked w/ mucus-prevents infection.estrogen thins mucus and alkalizes secretions.lets sperm in,lessens acid killing of sperm.progesterone thickens mucus.
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| Indicators of Ovulation | inc basal body temp. by inc progesterone.thinning of cervical mucus.fertilization range - 3 days:2 days before ovulation (sperm lifetime) to 1 day after ovulation (fertilizable ovum).
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| Ovarian Hormones | estrogen and progesterone have mult effects.
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| Estrogens | formed from androgens testosterone and androstenedione from thecal cells. thecal and granulose cells produce estrogen.
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| Effects of Estrogens | inc follicular development inhibits fsh.inc cilary motion in oviducts inc uterine muscle size-thins cervical mucus.kisspeptin release at ovulation-inc neural plasticity-inc sex drive.
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| Progesterone | inc secretions and size of uterus- inc breast development. inc cervical mucus-inhibits lh release. dec uterine contractions during pregnancy- inc heat produciton
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| Relaxin | hormone from ovaries and placenta.helps sperm penetrate ovum membrane. inc digestion of connective tissue.softens pelvis and cervix for delivery
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| Menopause | ~400 cycles in females. 1/400 of 7 million oocytes develop per cycle.only one ovum released,the remainder undergo atresia.decline and loss of estrogen and progesterone when oocytes gone.
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| Osteoperosis | dec estrogen linked to op.pth,vitamin d,ca2+ all normal.dec in bone density less effect when bones are thicker at menopause.weight bearing work and exercise thickens bone.
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| Cardiovascular Effects | inc in cv diseases after menopause dec hdl,inc vascular reactivity w/ dec estrogen. inc in bp.
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| Hormone Replacement | designed to help dec menopause symptoms such as hot flashes.recent links:slight inc in heart disease,stroke,breast cancer.inc caution,balance risk/balance.
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