Physiology Block D:Support Systems
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| what is the immune system | protects against disease
abnormal self cells
dead or damaged cells
pathogens
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| what is the immune system composed of | cells
proteins
tissues
organs
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| what is the first line of defense | non specific
mechanical
chemical
reflexes
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| what is the second line of defense | non specific
phagocytosis
protective proteins-cytokins
fever
NK cells
inflammation
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| what is the third line of defense | spcific (acquired) immunity
cell-mediated
humoral
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| what is a non-immune defense | mechanical barrier, chemical barrier and reflexes
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| is this specific/non-specific: response does not require specific recognition | non specific
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| is this specific/non-specific: identify generic properties of pathogens, PAMP's | non specific
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| is this specific/non-specific: fast response time, immediate maximal response | non specific
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| is this specific/non-specific: exposure does not result in immunological memory | non specific
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| is this specific/non-specific: response requires recognition of specific markers | specific
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| is this specific/non-specific: indentifies protein markers on foreign material and on body's own cells | specific
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| is this specific/non-specific: slow response time, lag between exposure and maximal response | specific
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| is this specific/non-specific: exposure leads to immunological memory | specific
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| what are the mechanical first lines of defense | skin - dry, renewing; low pH; natural flora; antimicrobial proteins; chemical barriers
mucosa - renewing; natural flora; chemical barriers; flushing; antimicrobial proteins
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| what parts of the body have mucosa | respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract
urogenital tract
mouth
eye
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| what surface area does the skin cover | 2m^2
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| why is the skin a good mechanical barrier | dry, renewing, keratinized layer that is difficult to penetrate
normal bacterial flora
antimicrobial proteins
combine chemical barriers: sweat adn sebum
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| sebum | sebum is an oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands in mammalian skin to keep skin from drying out
Its main purpose is to make the skin and hair waterproof and to protect them from drying out.
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| what surface area of the body does mucosa cover | ~400m^2
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| what contains fatty acids, enzymes and peptides that have antimicrobial activity | tears
saliva
sweat
sebum
vaginal secretions
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| what are example of reflex defenses | cough
sneeze
vomiting
diarrhea
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| describe the line defence: ear | cerumen inhibits bacterial grown
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| describe the line defence: eyes | cleansed by tears which also contain chemical inhibiting bacterial growth
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| describe the line defence: nasal cavity | hairs and mucus trap microorganisms
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| describe the line defence:mouth cavity | mucous membrane traps micro-organisms and the mouth is cleaned by saliva
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| describe the line defence: trachea and bronchi | mucous layer traps microorganisms
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| describe the line defence: skin | an impervious barrier
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| describe the line defence: stomach | acidic juices ill many microorganisms
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| describe the line defence: urethra | urine flow prevents bacterial growth
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| describe the line defence:vagina | acidic secretion inhibits growth of pathogens
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| describe the line defence: anus | mucous membrane traps microorganisms
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| what are the two components of the immune system | lymphoid tissue, immune cells (leukocytes)
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| describe the anatomy of the immune system | primary tissue
secondary tissue (encapsulated, unencapsulated)
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| what are the 6 types of leukocytes | basophils
neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes
lymphocytes
dendritic
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| where are leukkocytes formed and/or matured | primary lymphoid tissue
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| what is in the primary lymphoid tissue | bone marrow: platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes
thymus: t-lymphocytes
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| where do leukocytes interact with pathogens and elicit and immune response | secondary lymphoid tissue
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| what are the two categories of the secondary lymphoid tissue with examples | encapsulated: spleen, lymph nodes
unencapsulated: tonsils, payer's patches, mucosa associated lymphoid tissues
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| describe the spleen's role as a defence mechanism | mechanical filtration of blood cells
active immune response via both cell and humoral mediated pathways
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| describe the lymph nodes' role as a defence mechanism | active immune response via both cell and humoral mediated pathways
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| diffuse lymphoid tissue | unencapsulated
aggregates of immune cells in other tissues
tonsils
peyer's patches (skin and vagina)
mucosa associated lymphoid tissues
GI, eye, nasal passage, resp tract
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| basophils | function in inflammation responses, allergic and immune
similar to mast cells
granules contain heparin, cytokines and other mediators
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| neutrophils | carry out phagocytosis
involved in inflammatory response
signals induce fever
granules contain lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and other mediators
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| eosinophils | carry out phagocytosis
fight against antibody-coated parasites
involved in allergy inflammatory response
cytotoxic cells
granules contain toxic enzymes, oxidative substances and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
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| monocytes (macrophages) | monocytes is macrophage precursor in blood
immune regulation (old RBC and neutrophils)
role in developing acquired immunity , antigen presenting
immune surveillance
carry out phagocytosis
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| lymphocytes | mediate acquired immune response
three subtypes
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| natural killer cell | kill infected cells and tumor cells
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| cytotoxic T cell | kill infected a ndcells
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| helper T cell | cytokines direct response of lymphocytes
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| B cell | antigen presenting
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| plasma cell | secretes antibodies
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| dendritic cell | antigen presenting cell
located in tissue in contact with external environment
long, thin neuronal-like processes
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| aka polys l segs immature forms: bands or stabs | neutrophils
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| aka mononuclear phagocyte system | monocytes macrophages
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| aka B lymphocytes, plasma cells, memory cells T lymphocytes, cytotix T cells, Helper T cells Natural killer cells | lymphocytes, plasma cells
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| what are the 3 subtypes of lymphocytes | B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes
natural killer cells
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| aka langerhans cells, veiled cell | dendritic cells
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| what keukocyte releases chemicals that mediate inflammation and allergic responses | basophils
mast cells
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| what leukocytes ingest and destroy invaders | neutrophils
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| what leukocytes destroy invaders, particularly antibody-coated parasites | eosinophils
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| what leukocytes ingest and destroy invaders antigen presentation | monocytes, macrophages
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| what leukocytes have specific responses to invaders, including antibody production | lymphocytes, plasma cells
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| what leukocytes recognize pathogens and activate other immune cells by antigen presentation | dendritic cells
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| which leukocytes are granulocytes | basophils
mast cells
neutrophils
esinophils
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| which leukocytes are phagocytes | neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes
macrophages
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| which leukocytes are cytotoxic cells | lymphocytes
plasma cells
eosinophils
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| leukocytes extravasation | the movement of cell out the circulatory system into tissue, toward infection and/or tissue damage
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| what are non cellular mediators | acute phase proteins
opsonins
chemotaxins
cytokines
pryogens
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| non cellular mediators: local mediators | histamine - vasodilator associated with inflammation
enzymes - kill bacteria
interferons - anti-viral activity and modulate immune response
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| non cellular mediators: circulating mediators | kinins- vasodilation
complement - multiple actions
antibodies - specific immune response
interleukins - mediate communication between leukocytes
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| non-cellular mediators: vasodilator associated with inflammation | histamine
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| non-cellular mediators: kill bacteria | enzymes
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| non-cellular mediators: anti-viral activity and modulate immune response | interferons
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| non-cellular mediators: vasodilation | kinins
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| non-cellular mediators: multiple actions | complement
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| non-cellular mediators: specific immune response | antibodies
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| non-cellular mediators: interleukins | mediate communication between keukocytes
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| protective cytokines | interleukins
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| interleukin-6 | produced from T-cell lymphocytes and macrophages
pleiotropic effects
pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory
endogenous pyrogen
protective role is live disease progression
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| what is essential for activation of T lymphocytes | antigen presenting cell
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| MHC proteins | specific membrane protein complexes
bind antigen fragments for presentation
essential for activation of immune response
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| what are the two classes for MHC proteins | Class 1 and 2
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| what is a class 1 MHC protein | on all nucleated cells
display antigens derived from within the cell
activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes
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| what is a class 2 MHC protein | on antigen presenting leukocytes
displays antigens produced via phagocytosis
activate helper t cell
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| what is the major effector cell of non-specific immunity | natural killer cells
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| where are the natural killer cells found | lymphoid tissue
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| what is the function of natural killer cells | kill targeted self cells
kill bacteria with anitmicrobial protein defensin
produce pro-inflammatory cytokines
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| how do natural killer cells have a fast response | recognize stressed self cells in the absence of antibodies and MHC
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| what is the activation of natural killer cells determined by | balance of inhibitory and activating receptor stimulation
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| inflammation | hallmark of non-specific (innate immune response)
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| inflammation's 3 roles in fighting infection | attract immune cells and mediators
produce physical barrier to prevent infection from spreading
promote tissue repair (non-immunological function)
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| what causes inflammation | tissue damage/ infection
release of local mediators
chemotaxis
leukocyte extravasation
phagocytosis
extracellular killing
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| what does histamine do (inflammation) | vasodilation
increase blood vessel permeability to plasma proteins (acute phase proteins, kinnis, complement
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| how does phagocytosis lead to inflammation | intracellular killing
antigen presenting
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| what is the first step of inflammation | vasodilation
increase blood flow
increase permeability to protein
increase delivery of leukocytes and mediators
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| what is the second step of inflammation | chemotaxis and keukocyte extravasation (chemoattractants)
neutrophils are attracted to bacterial chemical products like the peptide fMLP
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| fever | when body temp is about 37.5
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| what is the function of a fever | speed up some immunological reaction
restrict temperature sensitive pathogens
increase keukocyte mobility
enhance phagocytosis
increase proliferation of T cell lymphocytes
decrease teh effects of bacterial endotoxins
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| what signals a fever | anterior hypothalamus - arachidonic acid pathway
needs prostaglandin E2
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| what are the functions of the complement system | opsonization
chemotaxis
inflammation
cell lysis/ apoptosis
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| complement system: classical pathway | antibodies bind antigen following invasion.
the complex is recognized by some complement proteins, which immediately bind and activate a cascade of events
complement activation cascade
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| complement system: mannan-binding lectin pathway | mannose (sugar residues on pathogen surfaces) binds leptin.
this binding triggers teh activation of serine prteases that initiate the complement cascade
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| complement system: alternative pathway | pathogen surfaces spontaneously lead to complement activation
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| what are the 3 major roles of the complement activation cascade | 1) chemotaxis and inflammation - recruit phagocytes to the site of invasion
2) opsonization of pathogens -tag pathogens
3) membrane attack complex - peptides adhere to cell surface, disrupt the phospholipid bilayer - cell lysis and death
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| specific/ nonspecific: classical complement pathway | specific
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| specific/ nonspecific: alternative complement pathway | non-specific
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| what are the two main classes of immune defenses | cell mediated, humoral (antibody) mediated
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| describe cell mediated - acquired immune defenses | carried out by T lymphocytes
MOA direct cell to cell contact
defence against intracellular pathogens
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| describe humoral (antibody) mediated acquired immune defenses | carried out by B lymphocytes
MOA circulating antibodies
defence against extracellular pathogens
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| acquire immune defences: primary immune response | exposure to an antigen triggers clonal expansion and the immune response
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| acquired immune defences: secondary immune response | when memory cells are re exposed to the appropriate antigen, the clone expands more rapidly to create additional effector and memory cells
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| cell mediated immunity | protects against pathogens
activating antigen-specific cytotoxic T to kill infected self cells
activating antigen-specific helper T cells to secrete cytokines that function to stimulat other leukocytes involved in innate and specific immune responses
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| what are the two main cell types in cell mediated immunity | helper T cells CD4
cytotoxic T cells CD8
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| cell-mediated immunity: t cell maturation | thymus
each T cell has a unique TCR generated by rearrangement of genes encoding TCR
checkpoints ensure successful genetic rearrangement and not self reactive
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| T cell activation is MHC restricted by... | coreceptor
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| cytotic T cell activation requires what 2 signals | peptide
TCR engaged to antigen -MHC1
CD8 coreceptor bound to MHC 1
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| helper T cells activation requires what 2 signals | antigen presenting cell
TCR engaged to antigen-MHCII
CD4 coreceptor bound to MHCII
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| helper T cells can also activate ______ and ______ cells to enhance their phagocytic function | macrophage and dendritic cells
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| cytotoxic T cell kill via | apoptosis:
perforin and granzymes
cell to cell interaction via FasL (Tc) and Fas(target)
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| humoral mediated immunity: B cell development and maturation takes place.... | in bone marrow
BCR contains unique antibody, gnerated by rearrangment of genes
check points ensure successful genetic rearrangement and not self reacttive
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| self reactive results in | editing or apoptosis
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| what are the 5 classes of antibodies/ immunoglobulins | IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA
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| IgG | antibodies account for 80% of all antibodies
responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins
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| IgE | attaches as an individual molecule to the expose surfaces of basophils and mast cells
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| IgD | individual molecule on the surfaces of B cells where it can bind antigens in the extracellular fluid. this binding can play a role in the sensitization of the B cell involved
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| IgM | first class of antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered. concentration declines as IgG production accelerates.
the anti-A and B antibodies responsible for the agglutination of incompatible blood tpes
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| IgA | found primarily in glandular secretion such as mucus, teas, saliva and semen. attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues
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| B cell activation and expansion 2 types of T cells | T cell dependent/ independent
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| type 1 and 2 T cell independent activation | 1 - antigen bind toll-like receptors
2 - repetitive nature antigen cross-link BCR
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| what are the functions of teh antibody in humoral mediated immunity | direct enhancement of phagocytosis
complement activation
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
direct neutralization of small molecules
mast cell activation
active immunization
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