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Defence mechanism
Physiology Block D:Support Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the immune system | protects against disease abnormal self cells dead or damaged cells pathogens |
| what is the immune system composed of | cells proteins tissues organs |
| what is the first line of defense | non specific mechanical chemical reflexes |
| what is the second line of defense | non specific phagocytosis protective proteins-cytokins fever NK cells inflammation |
| what is the third line of defense | spcific (acquired) immunity cell-mediated humoral |
| what is a non-immune defense | mechanical barrier, chemical barrier and reflexes |
| is this specific/non-specific: response does not require specific recognition | non specific |
| is this specific/non-specific: identify generic properties of pathogens, PAMP's | non specific |
| is this specific/non-specific: fast response time, immediate maximal response | non specific |
| is this specific/non-specific: exposure does not result in immunological memory | non specific |
| is this specific/non-specific: response requires recognition of specific markers | specific |
| is this specific/non-specific: indentifies protein markers on foreign material and on body's own cells | specific |
| is this specific/non-specific: slow response time, lag between exposure and maximal response | specific |
| is this specific/non-specific: exposure leads to immunological memory | specific |
| what are the mechanical first lines of defense | skin - dry, renewing; low pH; natural flora; antimicrobial proteins; chemical barriers mucosa - renewing; natural flora; chemical barriers; flushing; antimicrobial proteins |
| what parts of the body have mucosa | respiratory tract gastrointestinal tract urogenital tract mouth eye |
| what surface area does the skin cover | 2m^2 |
| why is the skin a good mechanical barrier | dry, renewing, keratinized layer that is difficult to penetrate normal bacterial flora antimicrobial proteins combine chemical barriers: sweat adn sebum |
| sebum | sebum is an oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands in mammalian skin to keep skin from drying out Its main purpose is to make the skin and hair waterproof and to protect them from drying out. |
| what surface area of the body does mucosa cover | ~400m^2 |
| what contains fatty acids, enzymes and peptides that have antimicrobial activity | tears saliva sweat sebum vaginal secretions |
| what are example of reflex defenses | cough sneeze vomiting diarrhea |
| describe the line defence: ear | cerumen inhibits bacterial grown |
| describe the line defence: eyes | cleansed by tears which also contain chemical inhibiting bacterial growth |
| describe the line defence: nasal cavity | hairs and mucus trap microorganisms |
| describe the line defence:mouth cavity | mucous membrane traps micro-organisms and the mouth is cleaned by saliva |
| describe the line defence: trachea and bronchi | mucous layer traps microorganisms |
| describe the line defence: skin | an impervious barrier |
| describe the line defence: stomach | acidic juices ill many microorganisms |
| describe the line defence: urethra | urine flow prevents bacterial growth |
| describe the line defence:vagina | acidic secretion inhibits growth of pathogens |
| describe the line defence: anus | mucous membrane traps microorganisms |
| what are the two components of the immune system | lymphoid tissue, immune cells (leukocytes) |
| describe the anatomy of the immune system | primary tissue secondary tissue (encapsulated, unencapsulated) |
| what are the 6 types of leukocytes | basophils neutrophils eosinophils monocytes lymphocytes dendritic |
| where are leukkocytes formed and/or matured | primary lymphoid tissue |
| what is in the primary lymphoid tissue | bone marrow: platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes thymus: t-lymphocytes |
| where do leukocytes interact with pathogens and elicit and immune response | secondary lymphoid tissue |
| what are the two categories of the secondary lymphoid tissue with examples | encapsulated: spleen, lymph nodes unencapsulated: tonsils, payer's patches, mucosa associated lymphoid tissues |
| describe the spleen's role as a defence mechanism | mechanical filtration of blood cells active immune response via both cell and humoral mediated pathways |
| describe the lymph nodes' role as a defence mechanism | active immune response via both cell and humoral mediated pathways |
| diffuse lymphoid tissue | unencapsulated aggregates of immune cells in other tissues tonsils peyer's patches (skin and vagina) mucosa associated lymphoid tissues GI, eye, nasal passage, resp tract |
| basophils | function in inflammation responses, allergic and immune similar to mast cells granules contain heparin, cytokines and other mediators |
| neutrophils | carry out phagocytosis involved in inflammatory response signals induce fever granules contain lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and other mediators |
| eosinophils | carry out phagocytosis fight against antibody-coated parasites involved in allergy inflammatory response cytotoxic cells granules contain toxic enzymes, oxidative substances and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin |
| monocytes (macrophages) | monocytes is macrophage precursor in blood immune regulation (old RBC and neutrophils) role in developing acquired immunity , antigen presenting immune surveillance carry out phagocytosis |
| lymphocytes | mediate acquired immune response three subtypes |
| natural killer cell | kill infected cells and tumor cells |
| cytotoxic T cell | kill infected a ndcells |
| helper T cell | cytokines direct response of lymphocytes |
| B cell | antigen presenting |
| plasma cell | secretes antibodies |
| dendritic cell | antigen presenting cell located in tissue in contact with external environment long, thin neuronal-like processes |
| aka polys l segs immature forms: bands or stabs | neutrophils |
| aka mononuclear phagocyte system | monocytes macrophages |
| aka B lymphocytes, plasma cells, memory cells T lymphocytes, cytotix T cells, Helper T cells Natural killer cells | lymphocytes, plasma cells |
| what are the 3 subtypes of lymphocytes | B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes natural killer cells |
| aka langerhans cells, veiled cell | dendritic cells |
| what keukocyte releases chemicals that mediate inflammation and allergic responses | basophils mast cells |
| what leukocytes ingest and destroy invaders | neutrophils |
| what leukocytes destroy invaders, particularly antibody-coated parasites | eosinophils |
| what leukocytes ingest and destroy invaders antigen presentation | monocytes, macrophages |
| what leukocytes have specific responses to invaders, including antibody production | lymphocytes, plasma cells |
| what leukocytes recognize pathogens and activate other immune cells by antigen presentation | dendritic cells |
| which leukocytes are granulocytes | basophils mast cells neutrophils esinophils |
| which leukocytes are phagocytes | neutrophils eosinophils monocytes macrophages |
| which leukocytes are cytotoxic cells | lymphocytes plasma cells eosinophils |
| leukocytes extravasation | the movement of cell out the circulatory system into tissue, toward infection and/or tissue damage |
| what are non cellular mediators | acute phase proteins opsonins chemotaxins cytokines pryogens |
| non cellular mediators: local mediators | histamine - vasodilator associated with inflammation enzymes - kill bacteria interferons - anti-viral activity and modulate immune response |
| non cellular mediators: circulating mediators | kinins- vasodilation complement - multiple actions antibodies - specific immune response interleukins - mediate communication between leukocytes |
| non-cellular mediators: vasodilator associated with inflammation | histamine |
| non-cellular mediators: kill bacteria | enzymes |
| non-cellular mediators: anti-viral activity and modulate immune response | interferons |
| non-cellular mediators: vasodilation | kinins |
| non-cellular mediators: multiple actions | complement |
| non-cellular mediators: specific immune response | antibodies |
| non-cellular mediators: interleukins | mediate communication between keukocytes |
| protective cytokines | interleukins |
| interleukin-6 | produced from T-cell lymphocytes and macrophages pleiotropic effects pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory endogenous pyrogen protective role is live disease progression |
| what is essential for activation of T lymphocytes | antigen presenting cell |
| MHC proteins | specific membrane protein complexes bind antigen fragments for presentation essential for activation of immune response |
| what are the two classes for MHC proteins | Class 1 and 2 |
| what is a class 1 MHC protein | on all nucleated cells display antigens derived from within the cell activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
| what is a class 2 MHC protein | on antigen presenting leukocytes displays antigens produced via phagocytosis activate helper t cell |
| what is the major effector cell of non-specific immunity | natural killer cells |
| where are the natural killer cells found | lymphoid tissue |
| what is the function of natural killer cells | kill targeted self cells kill bacteria with anitmicrobial protein defensin produce pro-inflammatory cytokines |
| how do natural killer cells have a fast response | recognize stressed self cells in the absence of antibodies and MHC |
| what is the activation of natural killer cells determined by | balance of inhibitory and activating receptor stimulation |
| inflammation | hallmark of non-specific (innate immune response) |
| inflammation's 3 roles in fighting infection | attract immune cells and mediators produce physical barrier to prevent infection from spreading promote tissue repair (non-immunological function) |
| what causes inflammation | tissue damage/ infection release of local mediators chemotaxis leukocyte extravasation phagocytosis extracellular killing |
| what does histamine do (inflammation) | vasodilation increase blood vessel permeability to plasma proteins (acute phase proteins, kinnis, complement |
| how does phagocytosis lead to inflammation | intracellular killing antigen presenting |
| what is the first step of inflammation | vasodilation increase blood flow increase permeability to protein increase delivery of leukocytes and mediators |
| what is the second step of inflammation | chemotaxis and keukocyte extravasation (chemoattractants) neutrophils are attracted to bacterial chemical products like the peptide fMLP |
| fever | when body temp is about 37.5 |
| what is the function of a fever | speed up some immunological reaction restrict temperature sensitive pathogens increase keukocyte mobility enhance phagocytosis increase proliferation of T cell lymphocytes decrease teh effects of bacterial endotoxins |
| what signals a fever | anterior hypothalamus - arachidonic acid pathway needs prostaglandin E2 |
| what are the functions of the complement system | opsonization chemotaxis inflammation cell lysis/ apoptosis |
| complement system: classical pathway | antibodies bind antigen following invasion. the complex is recognized by some complement proteins, which immediately bind and activate a cascade of events complement activation cascade |
| complement system: mannan-binding lectin pathway | mannose (sugar residues on pathogen surfaces) binds leptin. this binding triggers teh activation of serine prteases that initiate the complement cascade |
| complement system: alternative pathway | pathogen surfaces spontaneously lead to complement activation |
| what are the 3 major roles of the complement activation cascade | 1) chemotaxis and inflammation - recruit phagocytes to the site of invasion 2) opsonization of pathogens -tag pathogens 3) membrane attack complex - peptides adhere to cell surface, disrupt the phospholipid bilayer - cell lysis and death |
| specific/ nonspecific: classical complement pathway | specific |
| specific/ nonspecific: alternative complement pathway | non-specific |
| what are the two main classes of immune defenses | cell mediated, humoral (antibody) mediated |
| describe cell mediated - acquired immune defenses | carried out by T lymphocytes MOA direct cell to cell contact defence against intracellular pathogens |
| describe humoral (antibody) mediated acquired immune defenses | carried out by B lymphocytes MOA circulating antibodies defence against extracellular pathogens |
| acquire immune defences: primary immune response | exposure to an antigen triggers clonal expansion and the immune response |
| acquired immune defences: secondary immune response | when memory cells are re exposed to the appropriate antigen, the clone expands more rapidly to create additional effector and memory cells |
| cell mediated immunity | protects against pathogens activating antigen-specific cytotoxic T to kill infected self cells activating antigen-specific helper T cells to secrete cytokines that function to stimulat other leukocytes involved in innate and specific immune responses |
| what are the two main cell types in cell mediated immunity | helper T cells CD4 cytotoxic T cells CD8 |
| cell-mediated immunity: t cell maturation | thymus each T cell has a unique TCR generated by rearrangement of genes encoding TCR checkpoints ensure successful genetic rearrangement and not self reactive |
| T cell activation is MHC restricted by... | coreceptor |
| cytotic T cell activation requires what 2 signals | peptide TCR engaged to antigen -MHC1 CD8 coreceptor bound to MHC 1 |
| helper T cells activation requires what 2 signals | antigen presenting cell TCR engaged to antigen-MHCII CD4 coreceptor bound to MHCII |
| helper T cells can also activate ______ and ______ cells to enhance their phagocytic function | macrophage and dendritic cells |
| cytotoxic T cell kill via | apoptosis: perforin and granzymes cell to cell interaction via FasL (Tc) and Fas(target) |
| humoral mediated immunity: B cell development and maturation takes place.... | in bone marrow BCR contains unique antibody, gnerated by rearrangment of genes check points ensure successful genetic rearrangement and not self reacttive |
| self reactive results in | editing or apoptosis |
| what are the 5 classes of antibodies/ immunoglobulins | IgG IgE IgD IgM IgA |
| IgG | antibodies account for 80% of all antibodies responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins |
| IgE | attaches as an individual molecule to the expose surfaces of basophils and mast cells |
| IgD | individual molecule on the surfaces of B cells where it can bind antigens in the extracellular fluid. this binding can play a role in the sensitization of the B cell involved |
| IgM | first class of antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered. concentration declines as IgG production accelerates. the anti-A and B antibodies responsible for the agglutination of incompatible blood tpes |
| IgA | found primarily in glandular secretion such as mucus, teas, saliva and semen. attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues |
| B cell activation and expansion 2 types of T cells | T cell dependent/ independent |
| type 1 and 2 T cell independent activation | 1 - antigen bind toll-like receptors 2 - repetitive nature antigen cross-link BCR |
| what are the functions of teh antibody in humoral mediated immunity | direct enhancement of phagocytosis complement activation antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity direct neutralization of small molecules mast cell activation active immunization |
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