Thorax anatomy and injuries from the book Fundamentals of Athletic Training
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show | Connects mouth and nasal passages to trachea or esophagus- epiglottis closes over trachea when food is swalloed
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Carotid Artery | show 🗑
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show | Takes deoxygenated blood back to heart/away from brain
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show | Deliver oxygenated blood to body
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show | Take deoxygenated blood back to heart
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Heart | show 🗑
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How blood goes through body involving 4 parts of heart | show 🗑
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Lungs | show 🗑
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show | Tube allowing air flow- connected to larynx and lungs
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Larynx | show 🗑
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show | Tube that moves food from mouth to stomach
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Diaphragm | show 🗑
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show | Jagged, irregular cut in the neck region
Must apply direct pressure, monitor for shock, and send to ER
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show | Severe blow to area causing tear in tracheal rings
Difficulty breathing, gasping for air, spitting up blood, pain, difficulty talking, anxiety, and cyanosis
Ice over the area, spine board and transport
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Rib Fracture | show 🗑
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show | Air in pleural cavity causing lung to move to center, putting pressure on other long
Traumatic= rib puncture, gun shot, severe laceration
Non-traumatic= weakness of lung tissue
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Spontaneous Pneumothorax | show 🗑
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show | Air leaks out of collapsed lung into chest cavity causing other lung to press against organs, trachea is moved to side of injury (respiratory distress), and heart must work harder to maintain blood flow
Excessive respiratory distress, absent breath sound
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show | Multiple rib fractures
Extreme pain, anxiety, cyanosis and difficulty breathing
Place pillow or sandbag around ribs to keep from moving- risk of puncture, place on affected side, monitor for shock, send to ER
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show | Blood in chest cavity from internal injury- blood puts pressure on lungs and heart has reduced normal function
Difficulty breathing, sweating, shock, weak, rapid pulse, cyanosis, possible unconsciousness
Control breathing, transport to ER, CPR if help d
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show | Quick, deep breathing (more than 24 bpm) leading to abnormal loss of CO2 from blood
Feeling lightheaded, numbness in toes, fingers, and lips, loss of consciousness
Calm the person and encourage normal breathing
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show | Throat protectors, shoulder pads, chest protectors, sternal pads, PADDING ON WALLS/TABLES/FENCES
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show | Contains most of the vital organs; surrounded by lumbar spine posteriorly, diaphragm superiorly, abdominal muscles anteriorly, and pelvis inferiorly; four quadrants, upper and lower left and right
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show | Gallbladder, liver, right kidney, NO LARGE INTESTINE, head of pancreas
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Left upper quadrants | show 🗑
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show | Right ovary and uterus OR prostate, bladder
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Lower left quadrant | show 🗑
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Hollow Organs | show 🗑
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show | Aid in body chemistry, injury= rapid death from bleeding; include pancreas, gallbladder, liver, kidneys, and spleen
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show | LUQ Secretes gastric juices that partially break down food before entering intestines
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show | RUQ (left lobe in LUQ) Detoxifies chemicals, stores bile, assists in food metabolism
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show | RUQ Produces bile which helps digest fat
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show | LUQ (head in RUQ) Produces insulin (regulates metabolism of glucose and other nutrients) and enzymes for digestion
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show | NOT LLQ Break down food
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Large Intestines | show 🗑
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Appendix | show 🗑
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show | LUQ Regulates red blood cells
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Kidneys | show 🗑
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show | UQ Attached to kidney, passes urine to bladder
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Bladder | show 🗑
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Ovaries | show 🗑
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Uterus | show 🗑
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show | LQ Add fluid and nutrients to seminal fluid
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Rectus Abdominus | show 🗑
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Obliques | show 🗑
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Spleen Rupture | show 🗑
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show | Occurs during deceleration, i.e. running into a wall; pancreas wall shifts forward and tears
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, signs of shock
ER- if ruptured, must be repaired
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Kidney Injury | show 🗑
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show | A lump of tissue bulging through abdominal wall caused by a tear in the wall usually from an increase in pressure
May or may not feel pain
Must be surgically repaired; if not, bulge can get stuck, causing strangulation, or cut off of blood supply to the
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show | Caused by blow to RUQ
Pain over area or pain radiating to the right shoulder and shock (weak, rapid pulse and a decrease in blood pressure)
Refer to physician immediately
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show | Blow to LLQ, causing urine to leak to surrounding area
Painful urination, hematuria (blood in pee) and sometimes shock
Refer to physician for evaluation
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show | Pain in upper abdominal region; theories include lack of 02 to abdominal muscles, improper breathing technique, bad eating before exercise, air trapped in abdominal organs, and/or muscle spasms
Treatment: reverse those possible theories; side bend away f
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show | Column used to support upright posture when walking, has four parts from top to bottom: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (fused) (5)
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show | Lie between vertebrae, functions: absorb shock, resist compression, provide space for nerves to exit spinal cord, and separate vertebrae to allow movement, consist of nucleus pulposus (jellylike core) and annulus fibrosus (several layers of cartilage)
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Rectus Abdominus | show 🗑
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Obliques | show 🗑
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show | Muscle used for trunk extension
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show | Muscle used for scapular elevation, retraction and depression
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show | Muscle used for cervical flexion
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show | Cervical side bend and rotation
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Normal Posture | show 🗑
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Forward Head Posture | show 🗑
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Kyphosis (think Shrek) | show 🗑
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Lordosis | show 🗑
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show | Excessive side to side curvature of the spine
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Lumbar Ligament Injury | show 🗑
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show | Stress fracture or bone degeneration of vertebrae (lamina, thin plate of bone) caused by too much extension
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show | Vertebral body slipping forward
Lumbar brace and extensive strengthening to help keep spine neutral
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show | Compression causing the nucleus pulposus to push through annulous fibrosus
Disk often boulges posteriorly, which may cause it to press against nerve
Numbness, tingling and pain down the leg if disk pushes on nerve and lower back pain is increased with s
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Cervical Ligament Injury | show 🗑
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show | Hyperflexion or hyper extension
Muscle spasm, pain, restricted ROM, weakness against resistance and tenderness along muscle
Ice, neck brace, rest, ROM exercises and strengthening exercises (isometrics)
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Cervical Bone Injury | show 🗑
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show | Cervical Injury- excessive sidebend
Burning, tingling, sting and numbing sensation down the arm
Neck strengthening, R"OM stretching and neck roll
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Preventing Spinal Injuries | show 🗑
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Shoulder | show 🗑
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show | Consists of subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor and supraspinatus (SITS); infraspinatus and teres minor responsible for external rotation, subscapularis responsible for inner rotation, and supraspinatus responsible for abduction
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Deltoid | show 🗑
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Pectoralis major and minor | show 🗑
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show | Flexes shoulder and elbow
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Tricep | show 🗑
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show | Should injury from impact to top of shoulder or falling on an outstretched arm
Point tenderness and discomfort, pain with horizontal adduction, more serious cases = noticeable deformity (piano key)
Ice and compression, joint mobilization, flexibility an
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show | Compression of supraspinatus tendon, subacromial bursa, and long head of bicep tendon under coracoacromial arch
Most often with repetitive overhead activities- throwing, swimming, serving (balls), related to shoulder instability
Swelling, painful arc fr
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Bicep Tendinitis | show 🗑
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show | Direct blow or severe contractional force
Loud pop, sudden intense pain at point of injury, protruding bulge, and inability to flex or supnate the forearm
Ice, sling, refer to physician
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show | Fall on outstretched arm or tip of shoulder or direct impact- generally in middle 1/3 of bone
Supporting arm of injured side, head tilted toward injured side, swelling, point tenderness, deformity, and shoulders are uneven heights
Sling, refer to physic
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show | Direct blow, dislocation, or falling on outstretched arm- can cause hemorrhaging and paralysis because brachial plexus and axillary artery are cut
Pain, inability to move arm, swelling, point tenderness and discoloration of superficial tissue
Splint, mo
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Glenohumeral Dislocation | show 🗑
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Preventing Shoulder Injuries | show 🗑
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show | Diarthodial (synovial) joint comprised of the humerus, radius, and ulna bones; the humeradial, humerulnar, and radioulnar joints/articulations; and the ulnar collateral ligament (stabilizes medial aspect), radial collateral ligametn (stabilizes radial col
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Wrist Extensors | show 🗑
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Wrist Flexors | show 🗑
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show | Controls triceps and wrist extensors
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Medial Nerve | show 🗑
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show | Controls wrist and finger flexors
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show | Located at cubital fossa (just proximal to shoulder from elbow), which then splits up into ulnar and radial arteries right below elbow joint
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show | Valgus/abnormally directed force
Pain along medial aspect of elbow, tenderness over ulnar collateral ligament, laxity of the joint, in some cases parasthesia/unusual feeling in distribution of ulnar nerve
Conservative- ice, rest, NSAIDs and strengthenin
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show | Repetitive microtrauma from overuse of extensor muscles-extension and supination or heavy lifting
Aching pain over lateral epicondyle, pain with resisted wrist extension and decrease elbow ROM
RICE, NSAIDs, ROM and strengthening exercises, friction mass
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RICE | show 🗑
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show | Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
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show | Repetitive microtrauma with overuse of flexor muscles- repeated forceful flexion of the wrist
Pain over medial epicondyle, pain with resisted wrist flexion and sometimes mild swelling
Rest, ice, ultrasound, NSAIDs, counterforce brace and strengthening e
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show | Separation of the epiphysis at the medial aspect of the humerus in younger athletes (9-12)- caused by repetitive microtrauma from throwing
Flexion contracture (triceps weakness), decreased ROM, locking or catching of elbow
RICE, NSAIDs, throwing stopped
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Elbow Dislocation | show 🗑
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Olecranon Bursitis | show 🗑
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RTP | show 🗑
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show | Comprised of 7 carpal bones (wrist), 5 metacarpal bones (first part of fingers) and 14 phalanges (rest of fingers); flexors are anterior muscles and extensors are posterior muscles; radiocarpal and ulnar-carpal joints in wrist and carpometacarpal, metacar
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show | Overuse, fall or forceful twist on wrist
Pain, some swelling, decreased ROM, and decreased grip strength
PRICE, ROM, strengthening exercises, and taping when RTP
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Dislocation of Lunate | show 🗑
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Ganglion Cyst | show 🗑
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Gamekeeper's Thumb | show 🗑
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show | inflammation of synovial sheath in thumb
Aching pain which may radiate into the hand or forearm- bad Finklestein (look at picture), point tenderness and weakness during thumb extension and abduction
Immobilization, rest, ice, NSAIDs, ultrasound and join
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show | Avulsion/tear of the extensor tendon from its insertion- direct blow to finger tip
Pain at distal interphalangeal joint, inability to extend distal phalanx, DIP in 30 degrees of flexion
RICE, if no fracture, splint finger in extension for 6-8 weeks
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Jersey Finger | show 🗑
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show | Rupture of extensor tendon dorsal to the middle phalanx (top of first joint)
Direct blow to the tip of the finger forcing both DIP joint to extend and PIP joint to flex
Severe pain, swelling, inability to extend DIP joint and obvious deformity
Conserva
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show | Often mistaken for severe sprain- without proper splinting, often can't heal because of lack of blood supply- from falling on an outstretched hand
Swelling, point tenderness of the scaphoid (located close to wrist in line to thumb), and pain with downwar
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Carpal tunnel Syndrome | show 🗑
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