DNA & Protein Unit Vocabulary Words
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| DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid | Carrier of genetic information
In nearly all living organisms
Makes up chromosomes
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| Protein | Large molecules made of one or more long chains of amino acids
Found throughout cell but especially with muscle, hair, collage, antibodies.
Makes up enzymes that allow for reactions to occur in the cell
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| mRNA | Messenger carrying instructions from DNA
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| tRNA | Carrying amino acids
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| rRNA | Catalyze creation of proteins in the ribosome
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| Nucleotide | basic unit of DNA or RNA. Includes: sugar, phosphate group and a base
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| Base Pair | complementary nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds (A=T & G≡C)
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| Codon | set of three nucleotides coding for a single amino acid
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| Hydrogen Bond | a weak bond between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atom of another molecule
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| Replication | DNA is copied into a new DNA strand
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| Transcription | DNA is copied into mRNA
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| Translation | ribosomes translate mRNA into chains of amino acids (proteins)
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| Enzyme | protein that catalyzes reactions
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| Restriction Enzyme | enzymes that cut DNA at a specific sequence called a recognition site
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| DNA polymerase | enzyme for DNA replication
links a new nucleotide to the growing new DNA strand
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| In vitro | experiment outside of an organism
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| In vivo | experiment with in a living organism
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| Recombinant DNA | genetically engineered DNA that has DNA from different organisms
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| Plasmid | small circular DNA capable of independent replication
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| Aliquot | to divide a quantity of material into smaller equal parts
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| Electrophoresis | movement and separation of molecules in an electric field
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| Ligase | enzyme that repairs phosphate backbone of DNA
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| Agarose | gel used to separate nucleic acids by electrophoresis
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| Buffer | a solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it
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| Transformation | uptake of DNA from the outside environment (usually in bacteria)
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| Conjugation | bacteria exchange DNA between each other using a pili bridge
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| Transduction | DNA is transferred between bacteria using a virus
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| Origin of Replication | sequence where DNA replication is to start
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| Gene | a distinct sequence of nucleotides that to determine protein or nucleic acid molecule
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| Promoter | region of DNA near a gene that control its transcription
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| Multiple Cloning Site | Short DNA sequence on a plasmid that has multiple recognition sites for restriction enzymes
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| Operon | a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter
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| Electroporation | using an electric field the ability of DNA to pass through cell membrane is increased
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| Transformation Efficiency | measurement of the number of successful transformation per µg of DNA used
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| Competent Cells | cells that have the ability to take up DNA from their environment
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| Transfection | introduction of nucleic acids into cells on purpose (usually eukaryotic cells)
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| Miniprep | method of extracting and purifying plasmid DNA from bacterial cells
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| Supernatant | liquid portion on top after centrifugation
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction | technique that uses multiple cycles with changes in temperature to copy specific DNA sequences
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| PCR Requirements | template DNA
dNTPs
PCR buffer
MgCl2
water
forward and reverse primers
DNA polymerase
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| Genomic DNA | DNA required to make a new cell or organism
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| Complementary DNA | single stranded DNA created from a template (usually RNA)
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| Amplicon | target DNA amplified by PCR
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| dNTPs | building block in PCR
Composed of a base, a sugar and 3 phosphates
N = generic abbreviation for A, T, G, or C
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| PCR Buffer | providing a good environment for the DNA polymerase
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| MgCl2 | control the effectiveness of the DNA polymerase
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| Primer | short DNA sequence that binds to DNA to start the elongation step in PCR
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| Master Mix | mixture of the common components necessary in all of the PCR reactions (ie: no DNA template)
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| Cleating agent | substance that binds metal ions in solution
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| Denaturation - 1st step in PCR | temperature = 94–98 °C
causes DNA melting of the DNA template
leads to single-stranded DNA molecules
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| Anneal - 2nd step in PCR | temperature = 50–65 °C
allows for annealing of the primers to the single-stranded DNA template.
polymerase binds to the primer-template
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| Elongation or Extension - 3rd step in PCR | Heating the reaction to 72-80 °C
DNA polymerase creates a new DNA strand complementary (opposite) to the DNA template by adding dNTPs
The amount of DNA target is doubled
Leads to exponential copies of the target DNA
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| Genotype | genetic makeup of an individual organism
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| Allele | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene; found in the same location
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| Short Tandem Repeats | two or more nucleotides are repeated and are next two each other
The number is different between individuals
Useful in DNA profiles
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| Microarray | a chip that has a large number of microscopic spots that can be tested at the same time
Can identify DNA, proteins and antibodies quickly
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| Genetically Modified Organisms | organism whose genome has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally
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| Amino Acid | molecule with central carbon attached to an amino group (nitrogen), a carboxyl group (acid) and a side chain (R group)
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| Polypeptide | molecule made of two or more amino acids
when folded properly, it becomes a protein
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| Exon | sections of DNA that codes for protein
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| Intron | sections of DNA between exons and are non-coding
Removed from mRNA during maturation of the mRNA; leaving only exons linked together
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| Primary structure (protein) | level of protein structure that describes the order of the amino acids in a polypeptide
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| Secondary structure (protein) | level of protein structure that is begins the folding of the amino acids using hydrogen bonds
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| Tertiary structure (protein) | level of protein structure that a single polypeptide is fully folded
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| Quaternary structure (protein) | level of protein structure that describes the binding of multiple proteins to form one functional protein
Not all proteins reach this level!
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| Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis | electrophoresis technique used to separate primarily proteins and is run vertically
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| Chromatography | techniques for separating molecules based on their physical and chemical characteristics
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| Resin | binds specific substances out of mixtures and is used in column chromatography
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