Cog Rehab 2
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| define pharmacology | study of drugs
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| define neuropharmacology | study of how drugs work/affect the brain
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| agonist? | drug that acts like an NT (good guys)
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| antagonist? | drug that opposes action of a NT (bad guys)
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| psychopharmacology | study of how drugs affect behavior
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| 2 Common Nt? that oppose eachother | glutamate(excitatory signals) and GABA (inhibatory signals)
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| Which NT is function in CNS is related to attention and memory formation? | ACh acetylcholine
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| Which NT function associated with mood (depression, and arousal? | Serotonin (5-HT)
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| Which NT is important for nearly all cognitive processes in TBI? | DA- dopamine: motor, working memory, executive function
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| What are the 4 stages of memory? | 1. attention 2. encoding 3. storage 4. retrieval
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| Attention involves? | alertness/arousal *working memory.
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| Decreased alertness= damage to? | brainstem
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| decreased high attention levels= damage to? | thalmic structures/frontal lobe
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| What is involved with encoding? | analysis, recalability, something deeply processed has better recall. *sematic meaning- strat= chunking, categorizing
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| IN order to remember a memory what has to occur? | it must be ENCODED
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| What is involved with storage? | transfer to location for permanent retention- retroactive or proactive.
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| Damage to the hippocampus or temporal lobe will affect which part of memory? | storage
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| If someone can analyze information okay, but is unable to maintain the information... where is the problem? | storage
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| What is involved with retrieval? | search/activate existing memories. Must monitor accuracy and appropriateness of memory pulled from storage.
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| Short term memory is the same as? | working memory
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| Define working memory: | storage of limited information for restricted periods of time
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| define long term memory | unlimited memory with no decay
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| What does content dependent forms of memory involve? | long term memory
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| Declarative memory=? | explicit knowledge base, conscious awareness
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| What is episodic memory? | storage of EVENTS that are tagged in place and time. IE:recalling going to dinner with friends *creates semantic memories
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| What is semantic memory? | knowledge acquired about the world, word meanings/classes, facts and ideas. Knows info, but no idea where it was learned. ie: knowing a mango is a type of fruit
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| What is non declarative memory? | implicit memory- does not require episodic memory. *Learn without conscious awareness of learning.
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| What is the difference between declarative and nondeclarative memory? | declarative=explicit knowledge,
non declarative= implicit memory
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| What is procedural memory? | learning of rules and sequences
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| what is priming | CUES prompt RECALL: increased chance of retrieval when prev. exposed to info without explicit learning
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| Which two types of memory fall under declarative memory? | episodic and semantic
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| What two types of memory call under non declarative memory? | procedural and priming
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| What is everyday memory?: | functional memory
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| what is prospective memory? | remembering to carry out intentions (deals with EVERYDAY MEMORY/FUNCTIONS) ie: take meds, return a phone call
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| What is metamemory? | awareness about one's own memory functioning--influencing behavior. (involved with everyday memory_
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| What is anterograde amnesia | inability to acquire NEW info following brain damage.
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| WHAT is retrograde amnesia/ memory loss? (RA) | inability to retrieve info stored PRIOR to brain damage
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| what is PTA? posttraumatic amnesia? | period of confusion with inability to remember events moment to moment. usually following decrease consciousness
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| After a brain injury it is common for someone to have preserved EPISODIC/SEMANTIC memory? | preserved semantic memory: can remember OLD knowledge, but are unable to expand/create new due to impaired episodic memory.
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| What occurs with Alzheimers? How is this different than a TBI? | gradual deterioration of semantic memory. ie: may eat a button thinking it is food(Individuals with a TBI do not lose this type of memory_
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| New learning occurs via what type of memory? | episodic(In hippiocampus and medial temporal lobes)
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| What ability is often intact with amnesia pt? | priming
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| What technique utilizes priming effects? | spaced retrieval.
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| What is the idea behind errorless learning? | eliminating the opportunity for making errors when initially learning a task will improve learning. ie: client imitates until target can be produced on their own
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| The benefit of errorless learning depends on....? | if the condition requires cued recall (implicit memory) or free recall (explicit memory)
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| True/False: permanent long term (RA) is common. | FALSE (retrograde amnesia)- is usually TEMPORARY- memories will gradually fill in
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| What type of memory does RA (retrograde amnesia affect)? | episodic AND semantic
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| What is PTA> | post traumatic amnesia (specific type of anterograde): cant remember events from moment to moment. Inability to store/recall info. confused/disorientated.
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| true/false?Length of a coma is the best prognostic indicator available? | FALSE- duration of PTA better prognostic indicator * Use Galvestone orientation and amnesia test
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| What type of a deficit (focal or diffuse) is more likely to have material specific memory deficits? | FOCAL
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| Is memory loss specific to verbal or non verbal material? | yes, each is encoded and stored separately.
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| Left temporal lobe damage results in? | memory impairment of words (verbal)
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| Left temporal lobe damage- | memory impairment for visual info
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| True/False: Prospective memory is a type of memory task? | FALSE: prospective memory is a set of PROCESSES- meta knowledge, planning, monitoring, content recall, output monitoring
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| What 2 things are involved with 'everyday memory'? | prospective memory and meta memory
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| "Feelings of knowing" | Likelihood that we will recognize correct information. ie: forgot something and recognized that you forgot info.
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| What are 4 types of restorative memory interventions? | 1. memory practice drills 2. mnemonic strategy training 3. prospective memory training 4. metamemory training
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| what are some types of mnemonic strategy traning? | verba organization strategies-acronyms, semantic elaborations-link traget words to stories, visual imagery(associated images) *little benefit in real life
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| when are mnemonic strateies good to use? | mild cog impairment-able to learn and generalize strategies *otherwise little benefit to real life
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| What does prospective memory training involve? | PROMPT: carry out a target taks for 'x' amount of mins. mins increased, change task level, *alter one task at a time
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| what is a method for managing deficits in prospective memory? | Teach people to utilize external aids (apt. books)
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| who is prospective memory training good for? | severe memory issues: can encode, but aren'ta ble to hold info. uncessful at using an external memory system. can't hold info long enough to write it down.
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| what is metamemory training? | increased awareness of memory issues. ie: prediction exercises and self monitoring routines (executive function)
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| what is a method used with priming? | method of vanishing cues: faded cueing technique used to teach complex knowledge/behaviors/procedures/vocab used in everyday life *Domain specific knowledge
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| expanded rehersal invovles what strategy? | spaced retrieval- recall information over progressivley longer intervals of time. Ie: told target, asked to immed recal, error- tellt ehm again ask for immed recall. *learning should be effortless
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