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Cog Rehab 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define pharmacology | study of drugs |
| define neuropharmacology | study of how drugs work/affect the brain |
| agonist? | drug that acts like an NT (good guys) |
| antagonist? | drug that opposes action of a NT (bad guys) |
| psychopharmacology | study of how drugs affect behavior |
| 2 Common Nt? that oppose eachother | glutamate(excitatory signals) and GABA (inhibatory signals) |
| Which NT is function in CNS is related to attention and memory formation? | ACh acetylcholine |
| Which NT function associated with mood (depression, and arousal? | Serotonin (5-HT) |
| Which NT is important for nearly all cognitive processes in TBI? | DA- dopamine: motor, working memory, executive function |
| What are the 4 stages of memory? | 1. attention 2. encoding 3. storage 4. retrieval |
| Attention involves? | alertness/arousal *working memory. |
| Decreased alertness= damage to? | brainstem |
| decreased high attention levels= damage to? | thalmic structures/frontal lobe |
| What is involved with encoding? | analysis, recalability, something deeply processed has better recall. *sematic meaning- strat= chunking, categorizing |
| IN order to remember a memory what has to occur? | it must be ENCODED |
| What is involved with storage? | transfer to location for permanent retention- retroactive or proactive. |
| Damage to the hippocampus or temporal lobe will affect which part of memory? | storage |
| If someone can analyze information okay, but is unable to maintain the information... where is the problem? | storage |
| What is involved with retrieval? | search/activate existing memories. Must monitor accuracy and appropriateness of memory pulled from storage. |
| Short term memory is the same as? | working memory |
| Define working memory: | storage of limited information for restricted periods of time |
| define long term memory | unlimited memory with no decay |
| What does content dependent forms of memory involve? | long term memory |
| Declarative memory=? | explicit knowledge base, conscious awareness |
| What is episodic memory? | storage of EVENTS that are tagged in place and time. IE:recalling going to dinner with friends *creates semantic memories |
| What is semantic memory? | knowledge acquired about the world, word meanings/classes, facts and ideas. Knows info, but no idea where it was learned. ie: knowing a mango is a type of fruit |
| What is non declarative memory? | implicit memory- does not require episodic memory. *Learn without conscious awareness of learning. |
| What is the difference between declarative and nondeclarative memory? | declarative=explicit knowledge, non declarative= implicit memory |
| What is procedural memory? | learning of rules and sequences |
| what is priming | CUES prompt RECALL: increased chance of retrieval when prev. exposed to info without explicit learning |
| Which two types of memory fall under declarative memory? | episodic and semantic |
| What two types of memory call under non declarative memory? | procedural and priming |
| What is everyday memory?: | functional memory |
| what is prospective memory? | remembering to carry out intentions (deals with EVERYDAY MEMORY/FUNCTIONS) ie: take meds, return a phone call |
| What is metamemory? | awareness about one's own memory functioning--influencing behavior. (involved with everyday memory_ |
| What is anterograde amnesia | inability to acquire NEW info following brain damage. |
| WHAT is retrograde amnesia/ memory loss? (RA) | inability to retrieve info stored PRIOR to brain damage |
| what is PTA? posttraumatic amnesia? | period of confusion with inability to remember events moment to moment. usually following decrease consciousness |
| After a brain injury it is common for someone to have preserved EPISODIC/SEMANTIC memory? | preserved semantic memory: can remember OLD knowledge, but are unable to expand/create new due to impaired episodic memory. |
| What occurs with Alzheimers? How is this different than a TBI? | gradual deterioration of semantic memory. ie: may eat a button thinking it is food(Individuals with a TBI do not lose this type of memory_ |
| New learning occurs via what type of memory? | episodic(In hippiocampus and medial temporal lobes) |
| What ability is often intact with amnesia pt? | priming |
| What technique utilizes priming effects? | spaced retrieval. |
| What is the idea behind errorless learning? | eliminating the opportunity for making errors when initially learning a task will improve learning. ie: client imitates until target can be produced on their own |
| The benefit of errorless learning depends on....? | if the condition requires cued recall (implicit memory) or free recall (explicit memory) |
| True/False: permanent long term (RA) is common. | FALSE (retrograde amnesia)- is usually TEMPORARY- memories will gradually fill in |
| What type of memory does RA (retrograde amnesia affect)? | episodic AND semantic |
| What is PTA> | post traumatic amnesia (specific type of anterograde): cant remember events from moment to moment. Inability to store/recall info. confused/disorientated. |
| true/false?Length of a coma is the best prognostic indicator available? | FALSE- duration of PTA better prognostic indicator * Use Galvestone orientation and amnesia test |
| What type of a deficit (focal or diffuse) is more likely to have material specific memory deficits? | FOCAL |
| Is memory loss specific to verbal or non verbal material? | yes, each is encoded and stored separately. |
| Left temporal lobe damage results in? | memory impairment of words (verbal) |
| Left temporal lobe damage- | memory impairment for visual info |
| True/False: Prospective memory is a type of memory task? | FALSE: prospective memory is a set of PROCESSES- meta knowledge, planning, monitoring, content recall, output monitoring |
| What 2 things are involved with 'everyday memory'? | prospective memory and meta memory |
| "Feelings of knowing" | Likelihood that we will recognize correct information. ie: forgot something and recognized that you forgot info. |
| What are 4 types of restorative memory interventions? | 1. memory practice drills 2. mnemonic strategy training 3. prospective memory training 4. metamemory training |
| what are some types of mnemonic strategy traning? | verba organization strategies-acronyms, semantic elaborations-link traget words to stories, visual imagery(associated images) *little benefit in real life |
| when are mnemonic strateies good to use? | mild cog impairment-able to learn and generalize strategies *otherwise little benefit to real life |
| What does prospective memory training involve? | PROMPT: carry out a target taks for 'x' amount of mins. mins increased, change task level, *alter one task at a time |
| what is a method for managing deficits in prospective memory? | Teach people to utilize external aids (apt. books) |
| who is prospective memory training good for? | severe memory issues: can encode, but aren'ta ble to hold info. uncessful at using an external memory system. can't hold info long enough to write it down. |
| what is metamemory training? | increased awareness of memory issues. ie: prediction exercises and self monitoring routines (executive function) |
| what is a method used with priming? | method of vanishing cues: faded cueing technique used to teach complex knowledge/behaviors/procedures/vocab used in everyday life *Domain specific knowledge |
| expanded rehersal invovles what strategy? | spaced retrieval- recall information over progressivley longer intervals of time. Ie: told target, asked to immed recal, error- tellt ehm again ask for immed recall. *learning should be effortless |
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mpaches
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