clin nutriion
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| show | the idea that the nutritional value of a food is the sum of all its individual nutrients, vitamins, and other components
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| show | -nutrients matter more than food
-need expert help
-purpose of eating promotes narrow concept of health
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| What is orothorexia | show 🗑
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| show | -told people to eat less beef and dairy
-offended people, changed it to "choose meats poultry and fish that will reduce saturated fat intake (nutritionism)
-were blaming nutrients, not foods
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| show | -addictive-empty calorie reactive hypoglycemia
-fructose damages the liver
-acid forming
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| What is parking lot science | show 🗑
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| show | -eating more of one thing means eating less of another
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| What is epidemiological research | show 🗑
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| What are Randomized Control Trials | show 🗑
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| show | -people lie, and cant accurately recall diet over 24 hours
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| show | -very confusing, people only have 24 hour diet recall
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| 4 shifts in food relationships that have occurred in the Western Diet | show 🗑
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| show | passed on by parents, government, food industry
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| What is food science | show 🗑
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| show | eat foods that rot and have bugs
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| show | -used for absorption and transport
-similar to lipids
-require bile salts
-transport involves chylomicrons
-stored in body lipids
-fat malabsorption conditions
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| show | -absorption into portal blood
-limited storage in the body except B12
-only stored by binding to enzymes and transport proteins
-excreted in urine when plasma levels exceed renal thresholds
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| 2 types of water soluble vitamins | show 🗑
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| show | -energy releasing
-hematopoiesis
-others
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| show | Fish, milk, kale, spinach, eggs, fortified cereal
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| What is vitamin insufficiency | show 🗑
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| What is vitamin Deficiency | show 🗑
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| What is biomechanical individuality | show 🗑
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| show | -Recommended Daily Allowance
-developed using deficiency diseases for large populations
-consumers use it as a means to provide adequate nutrition
-made for populations, NOT individuals. People may need more or less of certain things
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| Which vitamins are Fat Soluble | show 🗑
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| show | -vision
-regulation of gene expression(cell differentiation)
-immunity
-Growth and Development
-RBC production
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| show | -Vision problems: night blindness, bitots spots,
xerothalmia(dry eyes), corneal scarring
-Anorexia
-Retarded growth
-susceptibility to infections
-enlargement of hair follicles, keratinization of skin
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| How to convert mcg to IU | show 🗑
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| What is vitamin A beta-carotene | show 🗑
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| show | retinal and retinol
(animal fat)
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| show | 3000 mcg (10,000 IU)
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| show | -cancer prevention( in animals and cell cultures, human inconclusive)
-infectious diseases
-skin(acne), scalp, and hair disorders
-Gynecologic disorders
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| What is a teratogenic dose of Vit. A | show 🗑
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| What group of people may be susceptible to beta-carotene toxicity | show 🗑
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| show | Parathyroid glands sense serum calcium is low and increase PTH secretion. This goes to the kidney which secretes calcitriol into the small intestine which absorbs more Vit. D
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| Vitamin D short-latency deficiency symptoms | show 🗑
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| show | -cancer
-autoimmune disease
-cardiovascular disease
-depression
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| Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | 100 mcg (about 4000 IU)
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| Therapeutic applications of vit D | show 🗑
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| show | serum 25(OH)D
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| show | <20 ng/ml (<50 nmol/L)
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| show | <30 ng/ml (<75 nmol/L)
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| show | it could be toxic in some people who don't need that high of dosage
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| Symptoms of Vit D toxicity are the result of what | show 🗑
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| Names of Vitamin E family members | show 🗑
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| show | -Neurological: impaired balance and coordination, muscle weakness, peripheral neuropathy, damage to retina
-Hemolysis and anemia
-atrophy of reproductive organs and infertility
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| Risk factors for vitamin E deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | 1000 mg
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| show | - d-a-tocopherol is natural isomeric form found in foods
- dl-a-tocopherol is the synthetic form in many supplements
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| show | -cardiovascular disease
-cataracts
-immune function
-dementia
-diabetes
-cancer
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| Symptoms for vit. E toxicity | show 🗑
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| show | -anticoagulant drugs
-statins + antioxidants
-diabetics
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| show | -phylloquinone (K1) found in plants
-menaquinone (K2) synthesized from bacteria
- Menadione (K3) is synthetic form used in animal feed, can form MK-4
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| show | -blood coagulation: essential cofactor in coagulation cascade, balances the 2 opposing sides- clot formation and breakdown
-Vit K cycle: recycles vit K-liver
-Cell growth and regulation: Gas6 is vit K dependent protein
-bone mineralization
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| show | -Osteo calcin: sythesized by osteoblasts, regulated by vit D
-Matrix GIa protein(MGP): found in bone, cartilage, blood vessels, prevents calcification of soft tissue, cartilage, and bv
-Protein S: synthesized by osteoblasts, role is unclear
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| How does warfarin affect vit. K | show 🗑
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| Symptoms of Vit. K deficiency | show 🗑
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| Why is Vit. K deficiency uncommon in adults | show 🗑
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| show | new borns, inject K1 to all newborns
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| show | none recommended, 120 mcg male and 90 mcg females
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| show | -vascular calcification: aortic calcifications associated w/ lower vit K1 intake
-hemorrhagic disease of newborns (HDN)
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| show | -epidemiological support for decreased risk of fracture
-undercarboxylated osteocalcin
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| General symptoms of Vitamin B deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | -energy metabolism: dehydrogenase enzymes
-nerve AP
-transketolase: enzyme thats a good marker for B1( pentose phosphate pathway)
-DNA/RNA synthesis
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| Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B1 (Thyamin) | show 🗑
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| show | Pregant, breast feeding, alcoholics, athletes
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| show | NONE
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| Therapeutic applications of Vit. B1 | show 🗑
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| show | -redox reactions(antioxidant reactions)
-ETC
-drug metabolism
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| show | -the enzyme glutathione reductase needs FAD to recycle glutathione
-FAD is a flavo-coenzyme that requires B2
-you need B2 to get FAD, and FAD to recycle glutathione
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| Tolerable upper intake of Vit. B2 (Riboflavin) | show 🗑
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| show | Nuclear urine (bright urine)
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| show | 400mg/day for 3 months
-should reduce the frequency and number of headache days
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| Types of Vit. B3 (Niacin) | show 🗑
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| Functions of Niacin (B3) | show 🗑
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| show | -Pellagra-late stage deficiency
- symptoms: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
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| How is Niacin related to tryptophan | show 🗑
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| show | 35mg for flushing
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| show | -cancer prevention
-beta cell protection in type 1 diabetes
-mental illness
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| show | -nicotinic acid only!!
-3g/day for 6 years increased HDL levels, decreased lipoprotein A, increased bouyant LDL, and decreased mortality/morbidity
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| Active form of Pyridoxine (Vit. B6) | show 🗑
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| show | -transamination
-nervous system functions
-gluconeogenesis
-steroid hormone inhibition
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| Tolerable Upper limit of Vit. B6 (Pyridoxine) | show 🗑
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| Therapeutic applications of Pyridoxine (B6) | show 🗑
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| show | -it converts homocystine to cystine to decrease risk of heart disease
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| Potential Toxicity of Pyridoxine (B6) | show 🗑
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| Compare and Contrast Folic Acid (B9) and Folate | show 🗑
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| show | -one carbon metabolism: methylation
-cell growth
-nucleic acid and amino acid synthesis**
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| show | -synthesis of methionione from homocysteine
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| Who is susceptible to folic acid deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | -increased homocysteine levels
- atrophy and inflammation of mucous membranes
-birth defects
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| Upper Tolerable Limit of Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) | show 🗑
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| How do genetics affect folate requirements | show 🗑
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| show | -neural tube
-CV disease prevention
-cancer
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| Toxicity of Folic Acid | show 🗑
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| How is Cobalamin (B12) different from the other B vitamins | show 🗑
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| show | -cofactors for methionine synthase and coenzyme A mutase
-HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS
-folate metabolism, production of succinyl-CoA, homocysteine recycling
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| show | -surgical resection
-vegans
-alcoholics
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| show | intrinsic factor attaches onto B12 in the small intestine and gets absorbed by the ilium
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| show | -anemia
-numbness
-memory
-dementia
-disorientation
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| Upper Tolerable Limit of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | show 🗑
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| What is the role of Cobalamin (B12) in disease prevention | show 🗑
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| show | -alzheimers
-depression
-allergies
-PNS disorders
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| show | -forming coA and acetyl-CoA
-energy metabolism
-FA and AA synthesis
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| Upper Tolerable limit of Pantothenic Acid (B5) | show 🗑
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| show | -helps with wound healing
-helps with high cholesterol
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| Functions of Biotin (B7) | show 🗑
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| Symptoms of B7 (Biotin) deficiency | show 🗑
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| Upper Tolerable limit of Biotin (B7) | show 🗑
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| Therapeutic applications of Biotin (B7) | show 🗑
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| show | -collagen synthesis
-carnintine synthesis: getting fat into the mitochondria
-NXT synthesis
-antioxidant
-blood clotting
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| show | -scurvy
-sand paper skin
-impaired wound healing
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| Upper Tolerable limit (TUI) of Vit. C | show 🗑
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| show | -coronary heart disease: 400mg/day
-stroke, cancer, cataracts, decreased uric acid for gout, and lead toxicity
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| Therapeutic applications of Vit. C | show 🗑
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| Toxicity concerns with Vit. C | show 🗑
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| Increases risk of calcium deficiency | show 🗑
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| Upper limit of Calcium | show 🗑
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| Ca RDA of adullts 51-70 years old | show 🗑
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| Function of Calcium | show 🗑
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| Calcium Deficiency symptoms | show 🗑
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| Therapeutic applications of Calcium | show 🗑
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| Toxicity of Calcium | show 🗑
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| show | -protein intake
-phosphorus
-Oxalates (spinach, rhubarb)
-Phytic acid
-Sodium
-Alcohol
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| show | -energy
-synthesis of nucleic acids and glutathione
-cell signaling
-structural function
-ion transport across cell membrane
-wound healing
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| show | 350 mg loose stool
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| RDA Mg in Adults | show 🗑
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| show | -hypomagnesia: neuro, personality, cramping, spasm
-Chronic kidney failure: Mg cannot be excreted efficiently
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| show | -Cramping
-spasm
-asthma
-diabetes
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| show | -Hypermagnesemia: low bp, loose stool, arythmea
-kidney disease- <1g/day
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| show | -energy
-cell signaling
-pyruvate kinase
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| show | adults, male and female over 19 is 4700mg
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| Source of Potassium | show 🗑
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| show | hypokalemia: fatigue, spasm/cramp, arrhthmias
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| show | alcoholics, diuretics, any BP pill
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| show | -HTN
-Osteoporosis by maintaining Ca
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| Toxicity of Potassium | show 🗑
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| Recommended intake of Potassium vs average intake | show 🗑
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| Upper limit of sodium | show 🗑
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| Upper limit of Salt | show 🗑
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| show | Sodium is 1300mg
Salt is 3300 mg
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| show | increased ECF volume
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| show | -membrane potential
-maintain blood volume and pressure
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| show | -not due to decrease of intake
-Hyponatremia: cerebral edema
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| Increases risk of sodium deficiency | show 🗑
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| Therapeutics of Sodium | show 🗑
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| Toxicity of Sodium | show 🗑
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| show | recommend 7800mg for men, intake 11,800mg
recommend 5800 mg for woemn, intake 7800mg
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| What is the DASH diet and what were the results of the trials | show 🗑
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| show | 45mg
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| show | 11mg
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| show | Males- 8mg
Females- 18mg
Pregnancy- 27mg
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| show | -2/3 body iron is functional form
-remainder stored in bone marrow and liver
-powerful oxidant and potentially harmful
-Copper increases iron absorption
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| Function of Iron | show 🗑
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| show | -Microcytic hypocromic anemia
-fatigue
-Rapid HR
-Fever
-Spoon shaped nails
-Impaired physical work capactiy
-inability to maintain body temperature
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| show | -fatigue
-poor intellectual development
-lead toxicity
-restless legs
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| Toxicity of Iron | show 🗑
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| Who is susceptible to iron deficiency | show 🗑
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| What is the most common deficiency in the US | show 🗑
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| What enhances iron absorption | show 🗑
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| show | phytic acid, polyphenols, soy protein
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| show | 40mg
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| show | Males 11mg
Females 8mg
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| show | Catalytic role in 100+ enzymes
-regulatory role
-structural role
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| show | -zinc/copper imbalance
-acrodermatitis enteropathica
-impaired taste
-poor wound healing
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| show | -impaired growth and development
-weak immune function
-common cold
-diabetes
-macular degeneration
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| show | -Copper deficiency at doses of 60mg/day
-GI distress at 50-150mg/day
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| show | Zinc
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| Relationship between Zinc and Copper | show 🗑
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| Upper limit of Copper | show 🗑
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| Recommended Copper amounts for Adults 19 and above | show 🗑
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| show | -Energy
-MAO
-Melanin
-Epinephrine synthesis
-Superoxide dismutase
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| Deficiency of Copper symptoms | show 🗑
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| Therapeutics of Copper | show 🗑
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| Toxicity of Copper | show 🗑
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| Chromium upper limit | show 🗑
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| Recommended Chromium in adults 19-50 years | show 🗑
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| show | -impaired glucose tolerance
-endurance exercise can cause it
-elevated cholesterol and TG
-Peripheral neuropathy
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| Therapeutics of Chromium | show 🗑
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| Toxicity of Chromium | show 🗑
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| show | -hexavalent is toxic: derived from trivalent by heating alkaline ph
-readily reduced to chromium III in acidic stomach
-Trivalent is non toxic
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| Iodine Upper Limit | show 🗑
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| Iodine Recommended limit in adults 19 and above | show 🗑
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| Food sources of Iodine | show 🗑
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| Funcion of Iodine | show 🗑
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| show | -cretinism
-hypothyroid
-goiter
-Fibrocystic breast condition
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| Risk that can lead to Iodine deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism (IHH)
-happens at 150-200ug/day
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| show | -elevated TSH, hypothyroidism
-happens at 1700-1800ug/day
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| Therapeutics of iodine | show 🗑
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| Toxicity of Iodine | show 🗑
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| show | Iodine- widespread efforts to iodize salts
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| show | -soil deficiency in inland areas
-pregnancy and lactation
-Goitrogens block uptake or use of iodine (tobacco, soybeans)
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| Upper limit of Selenium | show 🗑
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| Recommended amount of Selenium in adults 19 and up | show 🗑
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| show | -selenium deficiency exacerbates iodine deficiency
-selenium is required for T4 to T3 conversion
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| show | Selenoproteins: Glutathione peroxidases, Iodothyroninedeiodinases
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| Deficiency of Iodine can lead to | show 🗑
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| show | -can help prevent cancer
-CVD
-Viral infection
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| show | -Brittle nails
-GI problems
-garlic breath
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| show | 10mg
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| show | infants .01mg
male adults 4mg
female adults 3mg
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| Function of Fluoride | show 🗑
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| show | increased susceptibility to dental caries
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| show | -caries
-possibly osteoporosis
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| show | -Dental fluorosis
-Skeletal fluorosis
-poising at 5mg/kg of bodyweight
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