clin nutriion
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| What is nutritionism | show 🗑
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| show | -nutrients matter more than food
-need expert help
-purpose of eating promotes narrow concept of health
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| show | An unhealthy obsession about healthy eating habits
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| Significance of the 1977 Dietary Goals for US | show 🗑
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| show | -addictive-empty calorie reactive hypoglycemia
-fructose damages the liver
-acid forming
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| What is parking lot science | show 🗑
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| What is zero sum relationship | show 🗑
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| show | Collects stats and trends in nutrition and patters, causes, and effects of health and disease in defined populations
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| show | Specific type of experiment to test effectiveness of various types of intervention in a patient population, randomly allocated to receive one or another treatment of study
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| show | -people lie, and cant accurately recall diet over 24 hours
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| show | -very confusing, people only have 24 hour diet recall
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| 4 shifts in food relationships that have occurred in the Western Diet | show 🗑
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| show | passed on by parents, government, food industry
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| show | What we should be eating based on studies
- whole foods vs refined
-complex vs simplicity
-leaves vs seeds
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| Pollans suggestion to move beyond nutritionism | show 🗑
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| show | -used for absorption and transport
-similar to lipids
-require bile salts
-transport involves chylomicrons
-stored in body lipids
-fat malabsorption conditions
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| show | -absorption into portal blood
-limited storage in the body except B12
-only stored by binding to enzymes and transport proteins
-excreted in urine when plasma levels exceed renal thresholds
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| show | Vitamin C
Vitamin B-complex
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| B-complex vitamins function | show 🗑
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| show | Fish, milk, kale, spinach, eggs, fortified cereal
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| show | you don't have enough of the vitamin but there are NO symptoms
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| show | You don't have enough of the vitamin and are showing manifestations
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| show | Everyone is different and needs different things
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| What is RDA and what are problems with its measurement of nutritional status | show 🗑
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| show | -Vitamin D
-Vitamin A
-Vitamin K DAKE
-Vitamin E
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| Major Function of Vitamin A | show 🗑
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| show | -Vision problems: night blindness, bitots spots,
xerothalmia(dry eyes), corneal scarring
-Anorexia
-Retarded growth
-susceptibility to infections
-enlargement of hair follicles, keratinization of skin
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| show | 1 mcg= 3.33 IU
so take whatever the mcg amount is and times it by 3.33
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| What is vitamin A beta-carotene | show 🗑
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| What is preformed Vitamin A | show 🗑
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| show | 3000 mcg (10,000 IU)
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| show | -cancer prevention( in animals and cell cultures, human inconclusive)
-infectious diseases
-skin(acne), scalp, and hair disorders
-Gynecologic disorders
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| show | >7500 mcg (25,000 IU)
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| show | Smokers
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| show | Parathyroid glands sense serum calcium is low and increase PTH secretion. This goes to the kidney which secretes calcitriol into the small intestine which absorbs more Vit. D
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| show | -rickets(failure of bones to mineralize)
-Osteomalacia(adults)
-muscle weakness and pain
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| Vitamin D long-latency deficiency symptoms | show 🗑
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| Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency | show 🗑
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| What is the tolerable upper intake level for vit D in adults | show 🗑
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| show | -osteoporosis
-maintain adequate calcium intake
-help with autoimmune disease: MS, RA, IDDM
-Cancer prevention: inhibits cell proliferation
-hypertension
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| show | serum 25(OH)D
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| Value that signifies Vit D deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | <30 ng/ml (<75 nmol/L)
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| show | it could be toxic in some people who don't need that high of dosage
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| show | Hypercalcemia
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| show | -tocopherols
-tocotrienols
- alpha tocopherol is the only form in humans
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| Vit. E deficiency symptoms | show 🗑
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| Risk factors for vitamin E deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | 1000 mg
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| What is the difference between d-a-tocopherol and dl-a-tocopherol | show 🗑
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| show | -cardiovascular disease
-cataracts
-immune function
-dementia
-diabetes
-cancer
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| Symptoms for vit. E toxicity | show 🗑
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| show | -anticoagulant drugs
-statins + antioxidants
-diabetics
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| show | -phylloquinone (K1) found in plants
-menaquinone (K2) synthesized from bacteria
- Menadione (K3) is synthetic form used in animal feed, can form MK-4
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| show | -blood coagulation: essential cofactor in coagulation cascade, balances the 2 opposing sides- clot formation and breakdown
-Vit K cycle: recycles vit K-liver
-Cell growth and regulation: Gas6 is vit K dependent protein
-bone mineralization
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| show | -Osteo calcin: sythesized by osteoblasts, regulated by vit D
-Matrix GIa protein(MGP): found in bone, cartilage, blood vessels, prevents calcification of soft tissue, cartilage, and bv
-Protein S: synthesized by osteoblasts, role is unclear
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| How does warfarin affect vit. K | show 🗑
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| show | -prolonged bleeding, easy bruising
-impaired bone mineralization and/or remodeling
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| show | -ubiquitous in foods
-active vit K cycle
- activity of colonic bacteria
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| Who is susceptible to vit K deficiency bleeding and what is the treatment | show 🗑
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| show | none recommended, 120 mcg male and 90 mcg females
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| show | -vascular calcification: aortic calcifications associated w/ lower vit K1 intake
-hemorrhagic disease of newborns (HDN)
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| What is the effect of various forms of vit. K on osteoporosis | show 🗑
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| show | -tired, weakness, tachycardia, easy bruising, photophobia, fissure tongue, sore throat
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| Vitamin B1 (Thyamin) functions | show 🗑
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| show | -Beri-beri: dry-nerves, wet-heart, cerebral-brain
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| show | Pregant, breast feeding, alcoholics, athletes
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| Upper limit of Vit. B1 | show 🗑
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| show | -cataract prevention
-cancer
-alzheimers
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| show | -redox reactions(antioxidant reactions)
-ETC
-drug metabolism
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| show | -the enzyme glutathione reductase needs FAD to recycle glutathione
-FAD is a flavo-coenzyme that requires B2
-you need B2 to get FAD, and FAD to recycle glutathione
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| show | NONE
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| show | Nuclear urine (bright urine)
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| show | 400mg/day for 3 months
-should reduce the frequency and number of headache days
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| Types of Vit. B3 (Niacin) | show 🗑
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| show | -cellular metabolism for over 200+ enzymes
-help form NAD and NADH
-DNA repair, cellular signaling, and blood sugar regulation
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| Deficiency of Niacin (B3) | show 🗑
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| show | -NAD can be synthesized from tryptophan
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| Tolerable Upper intake of Vit. B3 (Niacin) | show 🗑
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| Therapeutic applications of Vit. B3 (Niacin) | show 🗑
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| show | -nicotinic acid only!!
-3g/day for 6 years increased HDL levels, decreased lipoprotein A, increased bouyant LDL, and decreased mortality/morbidity
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| show | pyridoxal-5-phosphate
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| show | -transamination
-nervous system functions
-gluconeogenesis
-steroid hormone inhibition
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| show | 100 mg
-prevents sensory neuropathy
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| show | -birth control side effects
-PMS
-morning sickness
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| Role of Pyridoxine in the Homocystine Metabolism | show 🗑
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| Potential Toxicity of Pyridoxine (B6) | show 🗑
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| show | -Folic acid: synthetic but stable and in all supplements
-Folate: in leafy raw veggies, not as stable and not as effective
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| show | -one carbon metabolism: methylation
-cell growth
-nucleic acid and amino acid synthesis**
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| Role of Folic Acid in Homocystine Metabolism | show 🗑
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| show | Pregnant, active, alcoholics
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| Symptoms of Folic Acid (B9) deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | 1000 mcg
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| show | depending on genetics, you might have a different type of enzyme
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| What is the role of folic acid in disease prevention | show 🗑
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| Toxicity of Folic Acid | show 🗑
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| How is Cobalamin (B12) different from the other B vitamins | show 🗑
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| Functions of Cobalamin (B12) | show 🗑
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| show | -surgical resection
-vegans
-alcoholics
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| show | intrinsic factor attaches onto B12 in the small intestine and gets absorbed by the ilium
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| Characteristic symptoms of deficiency of Cobalamin (B12) | show 🗑
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| show | NONE
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| show | -decreased risk of heart disease
-breast cancer
-neural tube defects
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| Therapeutic applications of Cobalamin (B12) | show 🗑
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| Functions of Pantothenic Acid (B5) | show 🗑
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| show | NONE
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| show | -helps with wound healing
-helps with high cholesterol
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| Functions of Biotin (B7) | show 🗑
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| Symptoms of B7 (Biotin) deficiency | show 🗑
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| Upper Tolerable limit of Biotin (B7) | show 🗑
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| show | -birth defects
-diabetes
-brittle nails
-hair loss
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| Functions of Vit. C | show 🗑
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| show | -scurvy
-sand paper skin
-impaired wound healing
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| show | 2000mg
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| Disease prevention of Vit. C | show 🗑
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| Therapeutic applications of Vit. C | show 🗑
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| show | -only occurs in really high doses
-genetic mutations, birth defects, cancer, kidney stones, loose stools
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| show | -loss of gastric acid secretion
-menopause
-magnesium deficiency
-magnesium excess
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| show | 2000mg
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| Ca RDA of adullts 51-70 years old | show 🗑
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| Function of Calcium | show 🗑
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| show | -osteoporosis
-muscle cramping and spasm
-increased irritability of nerve cells
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| show | -oseoporosis
-HTN
-Colon Cancer
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| Toxicity of Calcium | show 🗑
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| Dietary components that interfere with calcium | show 🗑
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| show | -energy
-synthesis of nucleic acids and glutathione
-cell signaling
-structural function
-ion transport across cell membrane
-wound healing
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| UL Magnesium | show 🗑
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| show | male >31 420mg
female > 31 320mg
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| Magnesium Deficiency symptoms | show 🗑
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| show | -Cramping
-spasm
-asthma
-diabetes
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| Toxicity of Magnesium | show 🗑
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| Function of Potassium | show 🗑
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| show | adults, male and female over 19 is 4700mg
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| show | unprocessed fruits and veggies
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| show | hypokalemia: fatigue, spasm/cramp, arrhthmias
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| risk of becoming potassium deficient | show 🗑
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| show | -HTN
-Osteoporosis by maintaining Ca
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| show | -Tingling
-Arrhythmias
-Diuretics
-BP pills
-decrease aldosterone
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| show | Recommended= 4700 mg/day
- avg male 3100mg
-avg female 2300 mg
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| Upper limit of sodium | show 🗑
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| show | 5800mg
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| Adults recommended amount of salt and sodium | show 🗑
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| show | increased ECF volume
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| show | -membrane potential
-maintain blood volume and pressure
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| show | -not due to decrease of intake
-Hyponatremia: cerebral edema
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| show | -sodium loss(vomit, diarrhea)
-excercise
-sweating
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| Therapeutics of Sodium | show 🗑
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| show | -Hypernatremia: excess water loss+decrease water intake, possible kidney failure
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| Average salt recommendation to average salt intake | show 🗑
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| show | -diet high in fruits, veggies, whole grains, poultry, fish, nuts, and low fat dairy products substantially lower BP to SAD
-higher in K and Ca-Na levels kept constant
-effect of salt reduction was greater in control diet than DASH diet
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| show | 45mg
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| show | 11mg
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| show | Males- 8mg
Females- 18mg
Pregnancy- 27mg
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| show | -2/3 body iron is functional form
-remainder stored in bone marrow and liver
-powerful oxidant and potentially harmful
-Copper increases iron absorption
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| Function of Iron | show 🗑
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| Iron deficiency symptoms | show 🗑
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| show | -fatigue
-poor intellectual development
-lead toxicity
-restless legs
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| Toxicity of Iron | show 🗑
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| Who is susceptible to iron deficiency | show 🗑
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| What is the most common deficiency in the US | show 🗑
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| show | Vitamin C, Organic acids, meat, fish, poultry
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| show | phytic acid, polyphenols, soy protein
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| show | 40mg
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| show | Males 11mg
Females 8mg
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| show | Catalytic role in 100+ enzymes
-regulatory role
-structural role
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| show | -zinc/copper imbalance
-acrodermatitis enteropathica
-impaired taste
-poor wound healing
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| Therapeutics of Zinc | show 🗑
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| Toxicity of Zinc | show 🗑
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| What is the most abundant intracellular trace element | show 🗑
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| show | High Zinc interferes with copper bioavailability- 10 to 1 ratio
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| Upper limit of Copper | show 🗑
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| show | Males 900ug
Females 900ug
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| show | -Energy
-MAO
-Melanin
-Epinephrine synthesis
-Superoxide dismutase
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| Deficiency of Copper symptoms | show 🗑
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| show | -immune function
-osteoporosis
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| Toxicity of Copper | show 🗑
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| show | None
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| show | Males 35 ug
Females 25 ug
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| Deficiency of Chromium symptoms | show 🗑
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| show | -impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes
-diabetes
-CVD
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| Toxicity of Chromium | show 🗑
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| Difference between hexavalent chromium and trivalent chromium | show 🗑
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| show | 1100 ug
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| show | males 150 ug
females 150ug
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| show | -iodized salt
-dried seaweed
-potato with skin, baked if in iodine soil
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| show | thyroid hormone synthesis
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| show | -cretinism
-hypothyroid
-goiter
-Fibrocystic breast condition
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| Risk that can lead to Iodine deficiency | show 🗑
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| What happens in Iodine deficiency | show 🗑
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| what happens in iodine sufficiency | show 🗑
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| Therapeutics of iodine | show 🗑
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| Toxicity of Iodine | show 🗑
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| What is the most prevalent cause of preventable mental retardation in the world | show 🗑
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| What increases the risk of iodine deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | 400ug
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| Recommended amount of Selenium in adults 19 and up | show 🗑
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| show | -selenium deficiency exacerbates iodine deficiency
-selenium is required for T4 to T3 conversion
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| Function of Selenium | show 🗑
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| Deficiency of Iodine can lead to | show 🗑
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| show | -can help prevent cancer
-CVD
-Viral infection
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| show | -Brittle nails
-GI problems
-garlic breath
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| show | 10mg
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| show | infants .01mg
male adults 4mg
female adults 3mg
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| Function of Fluoride | show 🗑
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| show | increased susceptibility to dental caries
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| Therapeutics of Fluoride | show 🗑
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| show | -Dental fluorosis
-Skeletal fluorosis
-poising at 5mg/kg of bodyweight
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