Ch. 17 Endocrine System (Anatomy)
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| Chemical messenger transported by bloodstream and stimulates physiological responses elsewhere in the body | Hormone
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| Glands, tissues or cells that secrete hormones are part of this | Endocrine system
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| Release products via the blood stream | Endocrine gland
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| Release products via ducts which connect to the surface or to the inside of a cavity | Exocrine gland
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| Neurons that release their secretions into the bloodstream, secrete hormones like oxytocin and epinephrine | Neuroendocrine cells
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| The study of the endocrine system and the diagnosis/treatment of it's disorders | Endocrinology
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| May occur, because the circulating hormone is in an inactive form and only the target has the enzyme needed to convert it to the active form | Selective response
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| Final destination for a hormone | Target
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| (hormone): Labor contractions, mother-infant bonding | Oxytocin
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| (hormone): Promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
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| (hormone): Widespread tissue growth | Growth hormone
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| (hormone): Inhibits secretion of prolactin | Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
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| (hormone): milk synthesis | Prolactin
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| (hormone): Sperm production | Follicle-stimulating hormone
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| (hormone): Water retention | Antidieuretic hormone
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| ____ hormones are not secreted at constant raites but rather the timing/amount of secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus, other brain centers, and feedback from target organs | Pituitary
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| There seems to be a relationship between ___ and mood disorders including depression and sleep disturbances | Melatonin
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| PMS and SAD can be treated with ___, frequent exposure to mild amounts of UV radiation. | Phototherapy
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| In treating endocrine disorders, it is essential to understand the role of ___ in order to alleviate the issue. | Hormone receptors
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| Fredrick Sanger received the Nobel Prize in 1958 for decoding the sequence for this protein. | Insulin
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| ACTH relies on cAMP as a second messenger because it is in a ___ pairing. | Permissive
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| Prostaglandins are derived from ___ | Arachidonic acid
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| ___, found in the thyroid gland, stimulate bone deposition by responding to rising levels of blood calcium and secreting calcitonin. | C cells
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| The receptor for insulin are located on the target cell ___. | Membrane
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| The ___ is actually considered more exocrine than endocrine tissue. | Pancreas
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| Develops from the hypophyseal pouch of the embryo and constitutes the anterior 3/4 of the pituitary | Adenohypophysis
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| Growth hormone hypersecretion in adulthood causes a disease called___ | Acromegaly
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| The dominant hormone in the stage of resistance of the stress response is ___ | Cortisol
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| Adrenal steroids that regulate glucose metabolism are collectively called ___ | Glucocorticoids
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| Testosterone is secreted by the ___ cells of the testes | Interstitial
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| Target cells can reduce pituitary secretion via a process called ___ | Negative feedback inhibition
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| A hormone is said to have a ___ effect when it stimulates the target cell to develop receptors for other hormones to follow; second messengers | Permissive
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| ___ is a process in which a cell increases its umber of receptors for a hormone | Up-regulation
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| The ___ is the largest endocrine gland in adults | Thyroid
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| Plays a role in three systems: endocrine, lymphatic and immune | Thymus
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| Believed to be involved in maintaining the body's circadian rhythms | Pineal gland
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| Secreted in response to hypocalcemia | Parathyroid hormone
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| Elongated, spongy gland located below and behind the stomach | Pancreas
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| (hormone): Antagonizes parathyroid hormone and stimulates osteoblast activity | Calcitonin
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| (hormone): Any hormone that raises blood glucose concentration | Hyperglycemic hormone
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| (hormone): primary adrenal sex steroids | Androgens
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| (hormone): regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy | Progesterone
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| (hormone): Stimulates fat and protein catabolism and helps body to adapt to stress | Glucocorticoids
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| (hormone): Stimulates fetal and adolescent reproductive development, muscle/bone growth and sperm production | Testosterone
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| (hormone): Increase alertness and prepare body in several ways for physical activity | Catecholamines
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| The thyroid has a ___ effect; it raises oxygen levels, increases heat production and in turn increases metabolic rate | Calorigenic
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| One hormone molecule can activate millions of enzyme molecules through ___ | Enzyme amplification
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| Strip of tissue between the anterior lobe and neurohypophysis; present only in human fetuses and not in adults | Pars intermedia
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| Hormones which target the ovaries and testes | Gonadotropins
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| Release hormones in response to signals from the nervous system | Neuroendocrine reflexes
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| All hormones have a ___; time required for 50% of the hormone to be cleared from the blood | Half-life
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| Shrinkage of an organ | Involution
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| ___, which mature in the thymus, are critically important for immune defense | T cells
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| The ___ acts as both an endocrine gland and a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system | Adrenal medulla
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| Produces more than 25 steroid hormones | Adrenal cortex
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| __ helps to maintain blood volume and pressure as it stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium in the body fluids and excrete potassium in the urine. | Aldosterone
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| Secrete glucagon between meals when the blood glucose concentration declines | A cells
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| Secreted during and immediately following a meal when blood nutrient levels are rising | Insulin
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| Stimuates the stomach's acid secretion, motility and emptying | Gastrin
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| Derived from cholesterol | Steroid hormones
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| Made from amino acids and retain an amino group | Monoamines
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| Chains of 3-200+ amino acids | Peptide hormones
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| Process in which a cell reduces its receptor population and thus becomes less sensitive to a hormone | Down-regulation
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| Two or more hormones act together to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate effects. | Synergistic effect
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| One hormone opposes the action of another | Antagonistic effect
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| Initial response to stress; catecholamines prepare the body to take action such as fighting or escaping the danger | Alarm reaction
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| If a stressful situation is not resolved before the glycogen is gone (few hours), the body enters the ____ | Stage or resistance
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| When the body is depleted of energy, the stress overwhelms homeostasis and you've entered the ___; which can be fatal | Stage of exhaustion
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| Important family of paracrine secretions that have 20- carbon backbones derived from arachidonic acid | Eicosanoids
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| Chemical signals released into the tissue fluid and not into the blood | Paracrine messengers
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| Inhibits blood clotting and vasoconstriction | Prostacyclin
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| Stimulate blood clotting and vasoconstriction | Thromboxanes
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| Promote fever and pain; alter sensitivity of anterior pituitary to hypothalamic hormones; function as neuromodulators; inhibit gastric secretin; constrict/dilate bronchioles, etc | Prostaglandins
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| Condition of chronic polyuria (over urination) without glucose in the urine | Diabetes insipidus
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| Thickening of the bones and soft tissues with noticeable effects on the hands, feet and face | acromgaly
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| Excess cortisol secretion owing to any of several causes: ACTH hypersecretion, ACTH-secreting tumors, or hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex | Cushing syndrome
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| Disruption of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from the hyposecretion or inaction of insulin | Diabetes mellitus
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