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EndocrineSystem17
Ch. 17 Endocrine System (Anatomy)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemical messenger transported by bloodstream and stimulates physiological responses elsewhere in the body | Hormone |
| Glands, tissues or cells that secrete hormones are part of this | Endocrine system |
| Release products via the blood stream | Endocrine gland |
| Release products via ducts which connect to the surface or to the inside of a cavity | Exocrine gland |
| Neurons that release their secretions into the bloodstream, secrete hormones like oxytocin and epinephrine | Neuroendocrine cells |
| The study of the endocrine system and the diagnosis/treatment of it's disorders | Endocrinology |
| May occur, because the circulating hormone is in an inactive form and only the target has the enzyme needed to convert it to the active form | Selective response |
| Final destination for a hormone | Target |
| (hormone): Labor contractions, mother-infant bonding | Oxytocin |
| (hormone): Promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
| (hormone): Widespread tissue growth | Growth hormone |
| (hormone): Inhibits secretion of prolactin | Prolactin-inhibiting hormone |
| (hormone): milk synthesis | Prolactin |
| (hormone): Sperm production | Follicle-stimulating hormone |
| (hormone): Water retention | Antidieuretic hormone |
| ____ hormones are not secreted at constant raites but rather the timing/amount of secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus, other brain centers, and feedback from target organs | Pituitary |
| There seems to be a relationship between ___ and mood disorders including depression and sleep disturbances | Melatonin |
| PMS and SAD can be treated with ___, frequent exposure to mild amounts of UV radiation. | Phototherapy |
| In treating endocrine disorders, it is essential to understand the role of ___ in order to alleviate the issue. | Hormone receptors |
| Fredrick Sanger received the Nobel Prize in 1958 for decoding the sequence for this protein. | Insulin |
| ACTH relies on cAMP as a second messenger because it is in a ___ pairing. | Permissive |
| Prostaglandins are derived from ___ | Arachidonic acid |
| ___, found in the thyroid gland, stimulate bone deposition by responding to rising levels of blood calcium and secreting calcitonin. | C cells |
| The receptor for insulin are located on the target cell ___. | Membrane |
| The ___ is actually considered more exocrine than endocrine tissue. | Pancreas |
| Develops from the hypophyseal pouch of the embryo and constitutes the anterior 3/4 of the pituitary | Adenohypophysis |
| Growth hormone hypersecretion in adulthood causes a disease called___ | Acromegaly |
| The dominant hormone in the stage of resistance of the stress response is ___ | Cortisol |
| Adrenal steroids that regulate glucose metabolism are collectively called ___ | Glucocorticoids |
| Testosterone is secreted by the ___ cells of the testes | Interstitial |
| Target cells can reduce pituitary secretion via a process called ___ | Negative feedback inhibition |
| A hormone is said to have a ___ effect when it stimulates the target cell to develop receptors for other hormones to follow; second messengers | Permissive |
| ___ is a process in which a cell increases its umber of receptors for a hormone | Up-regulation |
| The ___ is the largest endocrine gland in adults | Thyroid |
| Plays a role in three systems: endocrine, lymphatic and immune | Thymus |
| Believed to be involved in maintaining the body's circadian rhythms | Pineal gland |
| Secreted in response to hypocalcemia | Parathyroid hormone |
| Elongated, spongy gland located below and behind the stomach | Pancreas |
| (hormone): Antagonizes parathyroid hormone and stimulates osteoblast activity | Calcitonin |
| (hormone): Any hormone that raises blood glucose concentration | Hyperglycemic hormone |
| (hormone): primary adrenal sex steroids | Androgens |
| (hormone): regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy | Progesterone |
| (hormone): Stimulates fat and protein catabolism and helps body to adapt to stress | Glucocorticoids |
| (hormone): Stimulates fetal and adolescent reproductive development, muscle/bone growth and sperm production | Testosterone |
| (hormone): Increase alertness and prepare body in several ways for physical activity | Catecholamines |
| The thyroid has a ___ effect; it raises oxygen levels, increases heat production and in turn increases metabolic rate | Calorigenic |
| One hormone molecule can activate millions of enzyme molecules through ___ | Enzyme amplification |
| Strip of tissue between the anterior lobe and neurohypophysis; present only in human fetuses and not in adults | Pars intermedia |
| Hormones which target the ovaries and testes | Gonadotropins |
| Release hormones in response to signals from the nervous system | Neuroendocrine reflexes |
| All hormones have a ___; time required for 50% of the hormone to be cleared from the blood | Half-life |
| Shrinkage of an organ | Involution |
| ___, which mature in the thymus, are critically important for immune defense | T cells |
| The ___ acts as both an endocrine gland and a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system | Adrenal medulla |
| Produces more than 25 steroid hormones | Adrenal cortex |
| __ helps to maintain blood volume and pressure as it stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium in the body fluids and excrete potassium in the urine. | Aldosterone |
| Secrete glucagon between meals when the blood glucose concentration declines | A cells |
| Secreted during and immediately following a meal when blood nutrient levels are rising | Insulin |
| Stimuates the stomach's acid secretion, motility and emptying | Gastrin |
| Derived from cholesterol | Steroid hormones |
| Made from amino acids and retain an amino group | Monoamines |
| Chains of 3-200+ amino acids | Peptide hormones |
| Process in which a cell reduces its receptor population and thus becomes less sensitive to a hormone | Down-regulation |
| Two or more hormones act together to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate effects. | Synergistic effect |
| One hormone opposes the action of another | Antagonistic effect |
| Initial response to stress; catecholamines prepare the body to take action such as fighting or escaping the danger | Alarm reaction |
| If a stressful situation is not resolved before the glycogen is gone (few hours), the body enters the ____ | Stage or resistance |
| When the body is depleted of energy, the stress overwhelms homeostasis and you've entered the ___; which can be fatal | Stage of exhaustion |
| Important family of paracrine secretions that have 20- carbon backbones derived from arachidonic acid | Eicosanoids |
| Chemical signals released into the tissue fluid and not into the blood | Paracrine messengers |
| Inhibits blood clotting and vasoconstriction | Prostacyclin |
| Stimulate blood clotting and vasoconstriction | Thromboxanes |
| Promote fever and pain; alter sensitivity of anterior pituitary to hypothalamic hormones; function as neuromodulators; inhibit gastric secretin; constrict/dilate bronchioles, etc | Prostaglandins |
| Condition of chronic polyuria (over urination) without glucose in the urine | Diabetes insipidus |
| Thickening of the bones and soft tissues with noticeable effects on the hands, feet and face | acromgaly |
| Excess cortisol secretion owing to any of several causes: ACTH hypersecretion, ACTH-secreting tumors, or hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex | Cushing syndrome |
| Disruption of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from the hyposecretion or inaction of insulin | Diabetes mellitus |
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SavannahElkins
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