Review test about carbohydrates for Clinical Chemistry 2.
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| What are the 3 groups of carbohydrates? | 1. monosaccharides 2. disaccharides 3. polysaccharides
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| Carbohydrates are either polyhydroxy __ or polyhydroxy __ or polymers of these compounds. | polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones
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| Common names of carbohydrates end in ? | ose
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| The number of __ determines the name of a carbohydrate. | carbons
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| Monosaccharides are straight carbon chains in which each carbon atom, except __, carries a hydroxyl group (OH). | one
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| On carbohydrates, the remaining carbon atom has a __ group. | carbonyl
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| If the carbonyl group on a carbohydrate atom is on the 1st or last carbon, the carbonyl group will be called an __ and a monosaccharide will be called an __. | aldehyde, aldose
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| If the carbonyl group is on an internal atom, it a __ and the monosaccharide is called a __. | ketone, ketose
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| Monosaccharides can be oxidized or __ and can do the same to other compounds. | reduced : monosaccharides can oxidize or reduce other compounds in turn.
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| What is the historic basis for chemical assays for glucose? | The ability of aldoses to be oxidized to acid form.
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| Glucose reduces compounds like __ or __ with formation of colored complexe of their reduced forms. | copper or ferriccyanide
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| Monosaccharides join to form __. | dissaccharides
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| When monosaccharides join to form a disarccharides, a water molecule is __. | generated
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| When disaccharides split, a molecule of __ is lost. | water
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| Hydrolysis usually means the cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of __. Where a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis , this is termed saccharification. | water
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| What are the 3 disacharides? | 1. sucrose 2. lactose 3. maltose
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| __ is a disaccharide composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. | sucrose
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| __ is a disaccharide composed of 2 glucoses. | maltose
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| __ is a disaccharide composed of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. | lactose
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| What is formed when disaccharides and monosaccharides join? | polysaccharide
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| The structural molecule in plants is called ? | cellulose
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| The carbohydrate storage molecule in plants is called ? | starch
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| The carbohydrate storage molecule in humans and other animals is called ? | glycogen
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| What 2 monosaccharides form maltose? | glucose + glucose
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| What 2 monosaccharides form sucrose? | fructose + glucose
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| What 2 monosaccharides form lactose? | glucose + galactose
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| Our cells generate ATP by breaking down __. | carbohydrates
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| Most ATP production in the cells takes place within the __. | mitochondria
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| The first steps of ATP actually take place in the __. | cytoplasm
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| In glycolysis, 6-carbon glucose molecules are broken down into 3-carbon molecules of __. | pyruvic acid
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| What is the net gain of glycolysis? | 2 molecules of ATP
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| During glycolysis, each glucoe molecule is converted to two __ __ molecules. | pyruvic acid
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| What kind of process is glycolysis? | anaerobic
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| Once glucose has been turned into pyruvic acid as a result of glycolysis, the pyruvic acid can then enter the __ so it can combine with oxygen and form ATP. | mitochondria
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| __ __ is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. | Cellular respiration or aerobic metabolism
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| Mitochondria absorb pyruvic acid acid molecules and do what with them when in the presence of enough oxygen? | break them down
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| Hydrogen ions formed by production of ATP are removed by ? | coenzymes (NAD + FAD)
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| __ is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO2). | Decarboxylation
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| During decarboxylation, a pyruvic acid molecule FIRST loses 1 __ atom in a reaction involving NAD and Coenzyme A. | carbon
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| Second during decarboxylation, as hydrogen ions are removed, carbon and oxygen are released as __. | carbon dioxide
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| Decarboxylation produces 1 molecule of __, 1 __ and 1 __ __ __. | CO2, NADH, Acetyl Coenzyme A
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| Acetyl coenzyme A can enter the __ __ as a result of decarboxylation. | Krebs cycle
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| The Krebs cycle removes __ ions from organic molecules and moves them to __ which will enter the electron transport chain. | hydrogen ions, coenzymes
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| The electron transport chain is a sequence of metalloproteins called __ embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. | cytochromes
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| What 2 thngs leave the Krebs cycle to enter the electron transport chain? | NADH and FADH2
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| After leaving the Krebs cycle, NADH and FADH2 transfer their hydrogen atoms to other ? | coenzymes
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| After transferring their hydrogen atoms to other conenzymes, NADH and FADH2 release __ and __ that carry chemical energy . | protons (H+) and electrons
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| The Krebs cycle ends with a transfer of H+ to oxygen and the formation of ? | water
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| During several steps in the cytochrome path, enough energy is released to support synthesis of __ from ADP. | ATP
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| Do cytochromes directly produce ATP? | No
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| __ are membrane-bound (i.e. inner mitochondrial membrane) hemeproteins containing heme groups. | Cytochromes
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| How do cytochromes help produce ATP? | They create the conditions needed to ATP to form.
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| During step 1 of the electron transport chain, a coenzyme strips a pair of __ atoms from a substrate molecule in the Krebs Cycle and glycolysis. | H+
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| What are the 2 possible substrates used in step 1 of the electron transport chain? | FADH2 or NADH
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| During step 2 of the electron transport chain, FADH2 and NADH deliver H+ atoms to coenzymes embedded the inner __ membrane. | mitochondrial
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| During step 3 of the electron transport chain, electrons are passed along the chain and lose __ in a series of small steps. | energy
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| Remember that H+ atom = what? | 1 proton and 1 electron
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| During step 4 of the electron transport chain, an oxygen atom excepts __. | electrons
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| During step 4 of the electron transport chain, what is created? | Oxygen ion: O2-
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| An O2- oxygen ion has a strong affinity for __ which can combine with it to form water. | H+
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| The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is called ? | gluconeogenesis
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| Gluconeogenesis can create glucose molecules from what 3 things? | 1. other carbs 2. glycerol 3. some amino acids
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| Gluconeogenesis (abbreviated GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of __ from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids, and odd-chain fatty acids | glucose
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| Gluconeogenesis starts with ? | pyruvic acid
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| Why can gluconeogenesis start with acetyl coenzyme A? | Decarboxylation is irreversible
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| __ acids and most __ acids can't be converted to glucose. | fatty acids and most amino acids
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| Glucose made by gluconeogenesis cna make other simple __ and complex __. | simple sugars and complex carbohydrates
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| The process of glycogen formation is called ? | glycogenesis
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| Glycogenesis makes it possible to store __ molecules in the liver. | glucose
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| Glycogenesis makes it possible to store glucose in the skeletal muscles as __. | glycogen
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