WVSOM Class of 2012 Cytoskeleton
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| cytoskeleton fibers from smallest to largest? | microfilaments, intermediate fibers, microtubules
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| which of the cytoskeleton fibers are not motile? | intermediate filament
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| energy for microfilament polymerization comes from? what about microtubules? | ATP, GTP
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| components of microfilaments? microtubules? intermediate fibers? | actin and myosin; tubulin; keratins and nuclear lamins
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| function of cytoskeletal bundles? networks? anchoring? | resilience against stretching; reslience against stretching and compression; anchoring the cytoskeleton via plaques and junctions
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| motor proteins do what (motility) ? | hydrolyze ATP to crawl along filaments
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| polymerization-depolymerization does what (motility) ? | increase or decrease filament length to induce pushing or pulling force
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| the most abundant intracellular protein is what? | actin
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| g-actin subunits become what? how? | f-actin filaments; ATP hydrolysis
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| rope-like alpha helices that wrap around f-actin? | tropomyocin
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| regulatory subunits binding tropomyosin and actin? | troponins c, t, and i
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| actin crosslinking protein that forms networks in RBC's? | spectrin
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| this crosslinking protein forms striated muscle networks? | dystrophin
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| these microfilaments serve as motor proteins for actin? | myosins
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| long bundles of microfilaments along basal surface of fibroblasts that have attached to a substratum, providing tension across a surface? | stress fibers
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| energy for assembly of microtubules come from what? | beta GTP hydrolysis
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| microtubule assembly process occurs more at which end? | positive end
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| alpha and beta tubulins bind each other to form what? | dimers
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| globular proteins that make up microtubules are what? | tubulins (alpha and beta)
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| how many rows of tubulins per microtubule? | 13
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| rows of tubulins are called what? | protofilament
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| Chemicals that interfere with microtubular assembly preferentially attack tumor cells because these rapidly dividing cells require microtubules for cell cycle progression. This is called what? | chemotherapy
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| crosslinking proteins in microtubules are called what? | microtuubule associated proteins
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| microtubule motor proteins are what 2? | Dynein and Kinesin
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| what is the function of dynein? | moves flagella, cilia, cytosolic vesicles and bipartites associating with the mitotic spindle; it also moves vesicles, organelles and cytoskeletal fragments up and down axons
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| what is the function of kinesin? | moves cytosolic vesicles and bipartites associating with the mitotic spindle
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| examples of Microtubular Mediated Motility? | Intracellular membrane trafficking, Axonal Transport, flagella and cilia (cilia number in the thousands per sructure)
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| what is the arrangement of microtubules within flagella and cilia? | 9 + 2 rule
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| these objects between the doublets create the motor force with ATP hydrolysis: | dynein arms
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| from cell body to a synapse is called? | anterograde transport
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| from synapse to cell body is called? | Retrograde transport
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| A structure similar to a centriole at the base of an individual flagellum or cilium | basal body
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| what is the function of the cortical net inside the basal body? | believed to serve as nucleation centers for flagella and cilia outgrowth, they coordinate beating of cilia
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| 3 types of microtubules in mitotic apparatus? | polar, kinetochore, and astral
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| outer ends of astral MT are what charge? inner end? | positive, negative
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| spindle shaped complexes of microtubules, which serve to separate daughter chromosomes during mitosis: | mitotic spindle
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| An area at each end of the spindle where the microtubules converge? | aster
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| A protein structure joining centromeres to the microtubules of the spindle? | kinetochore
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| during anaphase, what happens to the microtubules? | Chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the spindle by depolymerization of microtubules at their + ends
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| a small organelle consisting of a perpendicular pair of centrioles surrounded by a matrix of two proteins: | centrosome
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| the core of a centrosome, consisting of 9 microtubular triplets, but not including the surrounding protein matrix: | centrioles
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| All intermediate filaments consist of alpha helical cores with similar sequences. These are what? | gene family
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| a major structural component of epithelial cells. Hair and nails consist of dead epithelial cells, mostly composed of this element: | keratins
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| this links Z disks of striated muscle sarcomeres to each other and to the plasma membrane: | desmin
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| two major distinctions between the assembly of intermediate filaments and that of microfilaments or microtubules? | no ATP or GTP is hydrolyzed; due to the antiparallel association of the tetramers there is no polarity
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| intermediate filament crosslinking occurs using what structures? | intermediate filament associated proteins (IFAP) and ankyrin
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| what is the function of ankyrin? | an IFAP that anchors desmin to the plasma membrane, as well as spectrin to the band 3 anion transporter of erythrocytes
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| On the nucleoplasmic face of the nuclear envelope there is a meshwork of intermediate filaments known as the: | nuclear lamina
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| the intermediate filaments are entirely what function? | structural
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| 3 examples of intermediate filaments are: | keratins, nuclear lamins, and desmins
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| these are used to identify the origin of tumor cells, which often lose other distinguishing characteristics: | intermediate filament antibodies
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| 3 parts of nuclear lamina? | globular heads, alpha helical cores and tails
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| which lamin remains bound to the vesicles? | B
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| generally speaking what are the functions of all 3 components of the cytoskeleton? | provide structure and resilience; motility for all except intermediate filaments
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| Factors that bind filaments together are called what? | cross-linking proteins
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| in addition to hydrolyzing ATP and crawling along the microfilaments/microtubules, what else do motor proteins do? | carry a cargo along the filament (e.g. a vesicle) or they cause two filaments to slide past each other (e.g. muscle contraction)
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| Finger like projections of the plasma membrane, supported by internal actin bundles: | microvilli
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| what is the function of microvilli? | increase the surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption
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| what is the most common myosin isoform? | myosin II
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| myosin subunits are what structure? | tetramers
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| myosin subunits consist of what two factors? | myosin light and heavy chains
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| myosin heavy chains consist of what two things? | tails and globular heads
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| two tails of myosin coil around each other to form dimers; this process uses what for energy? | ATP
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| in the sliding filament model, contractions cause what to slide along what? | actin to slide along myosin
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| Movement of vesicles through the intracellular membrane system is often directed along what two things? | actomyosin or microtubule filaments
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| During telophase a ring made out of what material encircles an animal cell: | actomyosin
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| ameboid movement is made possible by what structures? | microfilaments
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| how are microtubules arranged with regard to polarity? | β subunits face the + end, α tubulins face the - end
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| these structures are filled with microtubule bundles: | axons
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| centers for the initiation of microtubule formation are called what? | microtubule organizing centers (MTOC)
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| this structure is a combination of the spindle and asters: | mitotic apparatus
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| when do centrosomes duplicate? | during the S phase
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| which MT radiate from the centrosomes? | astral MT
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| which MT extend halfway across the spindle? | polar MT
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| which MT extend across the entire spindle from aster to aster (chromatids attache here)? | kinetochore MT
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