WVSOM Class of 2012 Fertilization, Cleaving, Implantation
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| fertilization takes place in what timeframe? | 12-24 after ejaculation
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| what is the average time it takes for the ovum to reach the uterus? | 3-4 days
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| what is the time it takes for the sperm to reach the egg in the fallopian tube? | 30 minutes to 6 days
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| what is the phase when spermatozoa are transported up the womb for fertilization and are prepared for removal of their glycoprotein coat by plasma membranes? | capacitation
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| where do sperm usually meet the ovum in the fallopian tube? | the ampulla
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| what are the 3 barriers to polyspermy? | the corona radiata, the zona pellucida, and the zona reaction
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| the corona radiata will bar sperm which have not been through what phase? | capacitation
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| the reaction of sperm to the zona pellucida layer is called what? | acrosome reaction
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| when sperm touch the ovum's plasma membrane, what 2 events occur? | the cortical reaction first, then the zona reaction
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| when a sperm enters the egg, what does it become? | male pronucleus
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| a fertilized egg is called a what? | zygote
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| cells of the early embryo are called what? | blastomeres
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| after the first cleavage, what is the embryo called? | 2-cell embryo
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| after the second cleavage, what is the embryo called? | 4-cell embryo
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| after the third cleavage, what is the embryo called? | 8-cell morula
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| at the 8-cell morula stage, what event occurs? | compaction
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| during compaction, what cells are segregated? | inner and outer cells are segregated
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| what is the fate of the inner and outer cells that are segregated during compaction? | they become the inner and outer cell mass
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| what is the 16-cell embryo called? | 16-cell morula
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| intercellular spaces between the blastomeres coalesce to form what structure? | blastocele
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| upon formation of the blastocele, the embryo is called what? | blastocyst
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| the blastocyst outer layer is called what? | trophoblast
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| the blastocyst inner layer is called what? | embryoblast
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| to assist with implantation, the trophoblast secretes proteolytic enzymes that are induced by what? | uterine mucosa
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| the blastocyst hatches from what structure? | zona pellucida
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| what is the most common site of incorrect implantation? | the ampulla
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| most ectopic pregnancies result in fetal death when? | 2nd month
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| injection of what can terminate an ectopic pregnancy? | methotrexate
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| implantation at the uterine internal os is called what? | placenta previa
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| what is the most common site for abdominal preganancy? | rectouterine cavity (douglas' pouch)
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| what are 2 infertilization methods? | in vitro and intracytoplasmic injection
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| which method of artificial infertilization harvests secondary oocytes and fertilizes them with dilute sperm? | in vitro
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| which method of artificial infertilization injects a single sperm into an egg? | intracytoplasmic injection
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| after 4 cycles, primary follicles will respond to what hormone? | FSH
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| at the start of the follicular stage, GnRH from the hypothalamus induces the pituitary gland to secrete what hormone? | FSH
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| primary follicles' theca interna secrete what hormone? why? | estrogen, induces spongy and compact uterine endometrium to contract
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| after the follicular cycle, what period of the menstrual cycle occurs? | secretory or progestational phase
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| what hormone induces the secretory or progestational phase? | LH
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| after ovulation, Graafian follicles become what? | corpus luteum
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| corpus leuteum become what when they start producing so much progesterone that they become yellow? | lutean cells
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| if the ovum is not fertilized in 9 days, what happens to the corpus luteum? | it becomes the corpus albicans
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| if fertilization occurs, the trophoblast secretes what hormone? what does this hormone do? | HcG, induces the corpus luteum to grow into the corpus leuteum graviditatis
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| increased risk of placental abruption occurs when? | when progesterone production shifts from the corpus luteum to the placenta in the 4th month
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| upon fertilization, the secondary oocyte is released from what meiotic stage? | metaphase II
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| after the secondary oocyte is released to complete metaphase II, what is segregated from the zygote? | second polar body
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| the inner and outer cell masses will become what structures? | inner will become the fetus, outer will become the chorion and placenta
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| Clusters of primordial follicles become prepared to enter the menstrual cycle when? | when they differentiate into primary follicles
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| gnrh comes from what gland? | hypothalamus
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| fsh comes from what gland? | pituitary
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