Chemistry Review 1-110
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| Which of the four elements in proteins Differentiates this class of substances from carbs and lipids? | Nitrogen
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| Which of the proteins is soluble in water? | Albumin
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| How many amino acids joined together to form a chainlike structure? | peptide bonding
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| Proteins may become denatured when subjected to mechanical agitation, heat, or chemical treatment. What does denaturation of protiens refer to? | Alteration of tertiary structure
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| Which aminoacidopathy is NOT caused by an enzyme deficiency? | cystinuria
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| How many immunoglobulin classes are currently recognized? | five
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| Which reagent is employed in th eserum protein determination? | Biuret
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| Why should hemolyzed serum not be used for total protein analysis? | Hemolglobin is absored at the wavelength as protein in the reagent
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| Why is bromcresol purple the prferred indicator for albumin dye binding techniques? | there is less interference form pigment(s).
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| What is the most anodic protein on electrophoresis at pH 8.6 | Albumin
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| If an electrophoretic pattern shows 30%albumin, 4-10% alpha-globulin, and 45% gamma-globulin,then what condition may exist in the patient? | Monoclonal gammopathy
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| Glycoportiens and mucoprotiens are usually bound to which substances? | Carbohydrates
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| All of the following are glycoproteins EXCEPT which one? ceruloplasmin, FSH, fibrinogen or cryoglobulin. | cryoglobulin
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| Which one of the following applies to cryoglobulins? a)they are temperature sensitiveb)the specimen should clot at room temp.c)the specimen is incubated at 22degrees C for 24hrs.d) only quanititative tests are available | a)they are temperature sensitive proteins
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| Decreased alpha-fetoprotein values are associated with which condition? | down syndrome
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| Which of the following proteins transports iron? ceruloplasmin, hemopexin transferrin or haptoglobin | transferrin
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| In acute renal failure, which nonprotein nitrogen rises the fastest? | Blood Urea Nitrogen(bun)
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| By the urease method, urea is enzymatically converted to which end product? | ammonia
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| Why can untreated urine be usded for the determination of urea by the diacetyl monoxime method? | the method is not measuring ammonia
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| An elevated creatinine value is most likely to be accompanied by what values? | elevated blood urea nitrogen, 10x creatinine value
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| What is the classical method for creatinine reaction? | Jaffe
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| The measurement of creatinine is based on the fomation of a yellow-red color and which reagent? | alkaline picrate
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| The creatinine clearance test is based on whcih assumption? | creatinine passes into the ultrafiltrate
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| What is the most common clearance test used to measure the glomerular filtration rate? | creatinine
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| Which disease state is associated with an elevation of serum uric acid? | gout
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| Which reagent is employed in the alkaline oxidation of uric acid? | phosphotungstic acid
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| What does the uricase method for uric acid depend on? | ultraviolet absorption at 290nm before/after treatment with uricase
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| Which one of the analytes is ued as a prognostic indicator for liver failure? | ammonia
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| Which disaccharide is composed of two glucose molecules? | maltose
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| What term is used to describe the process of glycogen degradation? | glycogenolysis
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| What is the renal threshold for glucose? | 140-160 mg/dL
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| Which hormone is produced by the beta cells o fth islets of Langerhans? | insulin
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| Which one o fthe following hormones is considered a glucocorticoid? | cortisol
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| Which one of the following disease is associated with hypoglycemia? Von Gierke's disease, Hashimoto's disease,Cushing's disease or Gilbert disease | Von Gierke's disease
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| What is the specimen of choice for glucose dterminations? | fluorinated plasma
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| What is the most frequently employed automated method for glucose? | coupled enzyme system consisting of glucose oxidcase and peroxidase
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| Contamination of the glucose reagent with catalase is a problem with which glucose method? | glucose oxidase
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| What is the hexokinase methodolgy for glucose dtermination based on? | reduced coenzyme read at 340nm
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| What is the normal fasting blood lucose reference range for adults? | 70-120 mg/dL
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| What does the presence of urinary ketones MOST likely indidcate? | The body is using cabohydrates as the primarty energy source.
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| Which one of the following tests is used to differentiate between inappropritate exogenous insulin administration and endogendous insulin production? | C-peptide
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| The "port wine" color of some urine can be attributed to which of the following? | porphyrins
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| p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is a constituent of which reagent? | Ehrlich
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| Both pophobilinogen and urobilinogen from a red colored compound with Ehrlich's reagent. How can they be differentiated? | urobilinogen is soluble in chloroform
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| Prehepatic bilirubin has whcih of the following for a protien carrier? | albumin
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| Direct-reacting bilirubin is alo known as what substance? | bilirubin diglucuronide
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| An increase in indirect-reacting bilirubin is suggestive of which condition? | hemoglobin breakdown
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| Bilirubin is converted in the intestine to which of the following substances? | urobilinogen
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| Which of the following will interfere with the Evelyn Malloy method for bilirubin? hemolysis,mehtanol, caffeine or lipemia | hemolysis
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| Which one o fthe following definitions best descrbes an enzyme? | Biological catalyst
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| Which of the following is true of an isoenzyme? | The electrophoretic property is differnt for each isoenzyme
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| Why is a metal ion somtimes necessary in an enzymatic reaction? | acts as an activator of the enzyme
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| The Michaelis-Menten constant in the rate of conversion of substrate to product is determined by what factor? | substrate concentrationand the rate of dissociation of the complex
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| In a zero-order reaction, there will be no further increase in velocity due to which one of the following? | all enzyme is bound to substrate
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| What is the reporting unit of measure for enzymes? | IU/L
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| Which enzyme catalyzes this reation? lactate + NAD -> pyruvate + NADH | lactate dehydrogenase
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| Which of the following is true of the isoenzyme LD1? It is heat-labile, slowest migrating, most positivly charged isoenzyme or is present in the highest concentration in heart tissue. | It is present in the highest concentration in heart tissue
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| Which enzyme is most greatly affected by hemolysis? | lactate dehydrogenase
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| An LD isoenzyme elecgtrophoretic pattern that shows an increase in LD1, LD2 and LD3 is seen in which disease state? | pernicious anemia
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| Creatine kinase is clinically significant is disease of which organ? | muscle
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| Creatine kinase is frequenly elevated in acute myocardial infarction and which other disorder? | Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
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| Which serum enzyme begins to rise 2-4 hours , has peak activity occurring 12-36 hrs and returns to normal 2-4 days after an acute myocardial infarction? | creatine kinase
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| Aspartate transaminase is elevated in all of the following conditions EXCEPT which one? myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy, acute pancreatitis or liver disease. | acute pancreatitis
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| Which enzyme is liver specific? aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase or lacate dehydrogenase | alanine transaminase
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| Which enzyme is the most sensitive indicator of obstructive jaundice? | alkaline phosphatase
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| A high alkaline phosphatase level in the presence of other negative liver funcgtion test is indicative of which disorder? bone disorder, viral hepatitis, prostate cancer or ectopic pregnancy | bone disorder
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| What is the optimum pH for acid phosphatase? | 5.0
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| What is the clinical significance of an elevaed acid phosphatase? | prostatic disease
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| Which enzyme may be monitored in recovering alcoholics? | gamma-glutamyl transferase
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| Which enzyme is characteristically elevated in mumps? | amylase
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| Lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of which substrate? | triglycerides
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| What is the substrate for the Chery-Crandall lipase method? | olive oil
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| In which disease state are the highest levels of aldolase seen? | muscular dystrophy
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| Because ionized calcium can be changed wigthout affecting the total calcium level, what other parameter(s) must beknown to properly evaluagte calcium? | pH and protein
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| All of the following regulate calcium levels EXCEPT which one? Vit. D, calcitonin, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone | aldosterone
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| Which of the following specimens is acceptalbe for the determination of total calcium? EDTA, Fluorinated plasma, oxalated plasma or heparinized plasma. | heparinized plasma
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| In the complexometric titration (EDTA) method for calcium, the pH must be adjusted to prevent what occurrence? | interference by MAGNESIUM
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| The classic Clarke-Collip method for calcium is based on which assumption? | Calcium will be precipitated as an oxalate
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| What is the purpose of lanthanum in the atomic absorption deterination of calcium? | It will bind phosphate
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| At a pH of 7.4 most of the phosphorus in the body is in which form? | bone
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| Inorganic phosphate can be determined from a colorimetric method involving which reagent? | Molybdate
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| What is the most abundant iron-containing compound in the body? | ferritin
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| Why should serum iron be drawn at the same time on consecutive days? | to avoid diurnal variation
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| Which protein trasports the majority of copper in the bloodstream? | ceruloplasmin
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| Increased serum copper is seen in which disease? | Wilson's disease
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| Which analyte is an early indicator of tissue hypoxia? | lactic acid
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| What is the major extracellular cation? | sodium
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| Which hormone acts on the distal convoluted tubule to increase sodium reabsorption? | aldosterone
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| What is the most common method for measuring sodium? | ion-selective electrode
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| Which is one of the following is the major intracellular cation? | potassium
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| Valinomycin can enhance the selecgtivily of which ISE electrode? | potassium
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| All of the following can cause low choloride levels EXCEPT which one? diabetic acidosis,renal failure, prolonged vomiting and dehydration | dehydration
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| Sweat is an appropieate type of specimen for which electrolyte? | chloride
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| In the coulometric-amperometric method for chloride, how is the amout of chloride measured? | time needed to reach the titration end point
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| In the classic Schales-Schales mercurimetric titration) method for chloride, what substance reacts with indicator to form a violet color? | excess Hg++
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| Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is present in which form? | bicarbonate ion
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