final for CLLS- 316
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| This portion of the antibody contains the specific binding site for the antigen | Fab
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| Characteristics of a good immunogen (antigen) | structural complexity, large molecular weight, the presence of numerous epitopes
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| An undesirable consequence of immunity is | an autoimmune disorder
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| The first line of defense against infection is | unbroken skin
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| a child who contracts a contagious disease from an older sibling could develop _____immunity against the disease | natural active
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| artificial passive immunity is achieved by | infusion/injection of pre-formed antibody
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| which immunoglobulin (Ig) class is produced in the highest concentration is a secondary response | IgG
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| Humoral innate immunity is the primary defense against | extracellular bacteria
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| Composition of antigens | protein, polysaccharides, lipids
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| What are antibodies? | Glycoproteins, found in body fluids, might be on surface of B cells or secreted by plasma cells, production decreases as we age
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| Antibody structure | 2 light & 2 heavy chains held together by disulfide bridges
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| Fab | section of immunoglobulin molecule that react with the antigen. Determine specificity of the Ig.
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| Fc portion | site that binds to host tissues
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| 5 classes of antibodies | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
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| IgG | most abundant 85%, secondary resp, cross placenta, activates the classical complement pathway, small monomer molecule, long term immunity
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| IgM | about 10% in serum, first antibody on site, primary & secondary resp., activates classical complement pathway, LG pentameter molecule
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| IgA | hangs around IgM & IgG, helps antigen clearance and immune regulation, inhibits IgG in complement activation, activates alternative pathway
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| IgE | allergic reactions, type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
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| IgD | short 1/2 life 2-3 days, found on surface of cell membrane of B lymphs
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| Natural immunity | innate immunity & Non-adaptive/non-specific
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| Innate immunity | ability to resist infection by means normally present in body
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| non-adaptive/non-specific | same for all pathogens, no specificity, no prior exp., resp. does not change
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| role of innate immunity | recognition, phagocytosis, and inflammation
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| Adaptive immunity | specific or acquired immunity, inv. production of antibodies by B lymphs and plasma cells, increased response upon repeated exposure
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| What type of immunity has memory | adaptive immunity
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| Cellular adaptive immunity targets what cells | infected cells, tumor cells, and non self cells
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| What are the basic steps of the Immune system | inflammation, phagocytosis, antibody response, effector T-lymphocytes, removal of dying cells
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| Primary response | response that occurs after a harmful antigen has been encountered for the first time
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| secondary response | much quicker & more effective response that occurs after previous exposure
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| Igm response 4 stages | lag phase, log phase, plateau phase, decline phase
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| cellular immunity | cell mediated, direct cell to cell contact or soluble products secreted by cells, defense against viral and fungal infect.
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| T-helper cells | key messengers, play major role in resp.
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| humoral immunity | antibody mediated, associated with B cells, antibodies in serum
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| Primary defense against bacterial infections | humoral immunity
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| Paul Ehrlich | lock & key concept
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| Active immunity | developed by natural exposure to antigen
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| artificially acquired active immunity | intentional exposure to an antigen (vaccination)
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| Passive immunity | administration of preformed antibodies, produced by recipients cells
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| Aims of vaccination | Induce memory in T and/or B lymphs through infection of a non virulent antigen prep.
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| vaccination | produces active immunity, resp. is similar to natural infection, memory is long lived
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| Cells of the innate immune system are | Granulocytes and mononuclear cells
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| apoptosis | programmed cell death
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| 1st cells to site of infection | neutrophils
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| Natural killer cells | kills cells infected with certain viruses and cancer cells, part of innate immunity
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| Neutrophils | phagocytosis & killing of microorganisms
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| Eosinophils | killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents
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| basophils | unknown
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| monocyte | circulating precursor cell to macrophage
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| Macrophage | phagocytosis & killing of microorganisms. Activation of T cell & initiation of immune resp.
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| Dendritic cell | activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses
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| mast cell | expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine & other active agents
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| Phagocytosis | cells that eat cells, most important function of innate defense system
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| Opsonins | serum factors in the blood were formed in response to exposure to foreign substances
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| Stages of Phagocytosis | chemotaxis, adherence, engulfment, phagosome formation & fusion, phagolysosome formation, digestion & destruction
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| Inflammation | The body's response to injury or invasion by a pathogen
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| What happens during inflammation | blood supply to infected area, inc capillary permeability, migration of WBC from capillaries to surrounding tissue, migration of macrophages to injured area
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| Inflammatory response | rubor, calor, edema, dolor
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| A phagolysosome is formed when | cytoplasmic granules fuse with the phagosome
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| MHC | is a gene region located on chromosome 6, found on all nucleated cells
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| lymphocytes of adaptive immunity | function cooperatively in cell-mediated or humoral immunity
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| lymphoid cells | consist of B and T lymphocytes
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| B lymphocytes found | primarily in bone marrow, spleen, & lymph nodes
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| T lymphocytes found | primarily in thymus, blood, lymph nodes
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| The most numerous lymphs in circulation | T-Lymphocytes
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| CD4 cells | subset of T lymphs are helper-induced T cells
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| CD8 cells | subset are the suppressor-cytotoxic T cells
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| Nk and K cells | effector lymphocytes, lack conventional antigen receptors of T & B cells
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| Plasma cells | found in bone marrow, end stage of B cell differentiation
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| Who's function is the synthesis & excretion of immunoglobulins | Plasma cells
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| Who's main function is to bring antigen to cell surface for recognition by T cells | MHC
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| The classical complement pathway is activated by | antigen-antibody complexes
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| The complement system is | composed of more than 1 pathway and is a series of plasma proteins
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| In the classical pathway C3 convertase is | C4b2a
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| in the alternative pathway, C5 convertase is | C3Bb3b
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| MAC | made up of C5-C9
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| activation unit | made up of C2, C3, C4
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| What are the 3 complement pathways | Classical pathway, Alternative complement pathway, Lectin complement pathway
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| Complement can | lyse cells w/o the presence of antibody
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| Complement cascade | activation of complement
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| Alternative pathway can be activated | by bacterial cells
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| Mannos binding lectin pathway activated by | terminal sugars on bacterial cells
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| c-activation | alteration of C proteins such they interact with the next component
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| C-fixation | utilization of C by Ag-Ab complexes, the attachment
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| C-inactivation | denaturation of early c-component
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| Convertase/esterase | altered C-protein
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| Proteolytic enzyme | various enzymes that digest protein
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| Opsonin | substance in blood serum acting on bacteria & foreign cells
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| Classical pathway | involves 9 proteins: C1-C9, triggered by antigen-antibody combination
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| Three main stages of Classical pathway activation | Recognition unit(C1), Activation unit(C4,C2,C3),MAC(C5-C9)
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