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immunohematology
final for CLLS- 316
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This portion of the antibody contains the specific binding site for the antigen | Fab |
| Characteristics of a good immunogen (antigen) | structural complexity, large molecular weight, the presence of numerous epitopes |
| An undesirable consequence of immunity is | an autoimmune disorder |
| The first line of defense against infection is | unbroken skin |
| a child who contracts a contagious disease from an older sibling could develop _____immunity against the disease | natural active |
| artificial passive immunity is achieved by | infusion/injection of pre-formed antibody |
| which immunoglobulin (Ig) class is produced in the highest concentration is a secondary response | IgG |
| Humoral innate immunity is the primary defense against | extracellular bacteria |
| Composition of antigens | protein, polysaccharides, lipids |
| What are antibodies? | Glycoproteins, found in body fluids, might be on surface of B cells or secreted by plasma cells, production decreases as we age |
| Antibody structure | 2 light & 2 heavy chains held together by disulfide bridges |
| Fab | section of immunoglobulin molecule that react with the antigen. Determine specificity of the Ig. |
| Fc portion | site that binds to host tissues |
| 5 classes of antibodies | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD |
| IgG | most abundant 85%, secondary resp, cross placenta, activates the classical complement pathway, small monomer molecule, long term immunity |
| IgM | about 10% in serum, first antibody on site, primary & secondary resp., activates classical complement pathway, LG pentameter molecule |
| IgA | hangs around IgM & IgG, helps antigen clearance and immune regulation, inhibits IgG in complement activation, activates alternative pathway |
| IgE | allergic reactions, type 1 hypersensitivity reaction |
| IgD | short 1/2 life 2-3 days, found on surface of cell membrane of B lymphs |
| Natural immunity | innate immunity & Non-adaptive/non-specific |
| Innate immunity | ability to resist infection by means normally present in body |
| non-adaptive/non-specific | same for all pathogens, no specificity, no prior exp., resp. does not change |
| role of innate immunity | recognition, phagocytosis, and inflammation |
| Adaptive immunity | specific or acquired immunity, inv. production of antibodies by B lymphs and plasma cells, increased response upon repeated exposure |
| What type of immunity has memory | adaptive immunity |
| Cellular adaptive immunity targets what cells | infected cells, tumor cells, and non self cells |
| What are the basic steps of the Immune system | inflammation, phagocytosis, antibody response, effector T-lymphocytes, removal of dying cells |
| Primary response | response that occurs after a harmful antigen has been encountered for the first time |
| secondary response | much quicker & more effective response that occurs after previous exposure |
| Igm response 4 stages | lag phase, log phase, plateau phase, decline phase |
| cellular immunity | cell mediated, direct cell to cell contact or soluble products secreted by cells, defense against viral and fungal infect. |
| T-helper cells | key messengers, play major role in resp. |
| humoral immunity | antibody mediated, associated with B cells, antibodies in serum |
| Primary defense against bacterial infections | humoral immunity |
| Paul Ehrlich | lock & key concept |
| Active immunity | developed by natural exposure to antigen |
| artificially acquired active immunity | intentional exposure to an antigen (vaccination) |
| Passive immunity | administration of preformed antibodies, produced by recipients cells |
| Aims of vaccination | Induce memory in T and/or B lymphs through infection of a non virulent antigen prep. |
| vaccination | produces active immunity, resp. is similar to natural infection, memory is long lived |
| Cells of the innate immune system are | Granulocytes and mononuclear cells |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| 1st cells to site of infection | neutrophils |
| Natural killer cells | kills cells infected with certain viruses and cancer cells, part of innate immunity |
| Neutrophils | phagocytosis & killing of microorganisms |
| Eosinophils | killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents |
| basophils | unknown |
| monocyte | circulating precursor cell to macrophage |
| Macrophage | phagocytosis & killing of microorganisms. Activation of T cell & initiation of immune resp. |
| Dendritic cell | activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses |
| mast cell | expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine & other active agents |
| Phagocytosis | cells that eat cells, most important function of innate defense system |
| Opsonins | serum factors in the blood were formed in response to exposure to foreign substances |
| Stages of Phagocytosis | chemotaxis, adherence, engulfment, phagosome formation & fusion, phagolysosome formation, digestion & destruction |
| Inflammation | The body's response to injury or invasion by a pathogen |
| What happens during inflammation | blood supply to infected area, inc capillary permeability, migration of WBC from capillaries to surrounding tissue, migration of macrophages to injured area |
| Inflammatory response | rubor, calor, edema, dolor |
| A phagolysosome is formed when | cytoplasmic granules fuse with the phagosome |
| MHC | is a gene region located on chromosome 6, found on all nucleated cells |
| lymphocytes of adaptive immunity | function cooperatively in cell-mediated or humoral immunity |
| lymphoid cells | consist of B and T lymphocytes |
| B lymphocytes found | primarily in bone marrow, spleen, & lymph nodes |
| T lymphocytes found | primarily in thymus, blood, lymph nodes |
| The most numerous lymphs in circulation | T-Lymphocytes |
| CD4 cells | subset of T lymphs are helper-induced T cells |
| CD8 cells | subset are the suppressor-cytotoxic T cells |
| Nk and K cells | effector lymphocytes, lack conventional antigen receptors of T & B cells |
| Plasma cells | found in bone marrow, end stage of B cell differentiation |
| Who's function is the synthesis & excretion of immunoglobulins | Plasma cells |
| Who's main function is to bring antigen to cell surface for recognition by T cells | MHC |
| The classical complement pathway is activated by | antigen-antibody complexes |
| The complement system is | composed of more than 1 pathway and is a series of plasma proteins |
| In the classical pathway C3 convertase is | C4b2a |
| in the alternative pathway, C5 convertase is | C3Bb3b |
| MAC | made up of C5-C9 |
| activation unit | made up of C2, C3, C4 |
| What are the 3 complement pathways | Classical pathway, Alternative complement pathway, Lectin complement pathway |
| Complement can | lyse cells w/o the presence of antibody |
| Complement cascade | activation of complement |
| Alternative pathway can be activated | by bacterial cells |
| Mannos binding lectin pathway activated by | terminal sugars on bacterial cells |
| c-activation | alteration of C proteins such they interact with the next component |
| C-fixation | utilization of C by Ag-Ab complexes, the attachment |
| C-inactivation | denaturation of early c-component |
| Convertase/esterase | altered C-protein |
| Proteolytic enzyme | various enzymes that digest protein |
| Opsonin | substance in blood serum acting on bacteria & foreign cells |
| Classical pathway | involves 9 proteins: C1-C9, triggered by antigen-antibody combination |
| Three main stages of Classical pathway activation | Recognition unit(C1), Activation unit(C4,C2,C3),MAC(C5-C9) |
Created by:
pamela18
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