Chapter 2 Sections 1-4
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| King George III | English ruler who hoped to lower the debt aquired wartime.
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| Sugar Act | It halved the duty on foreign-made molasses. It placed duties on certain imports. It provided that any colonists accused of violating would be tried in vice-admirality court.
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| Stamp Act | It imposed a tax on documents and printed items such as wills, newspapers, and playing cards.
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| Samuel Adams | One of the founders of the Sons of Liberty He led a boycott against British goods.
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| Boston Massacre | A confrontation between colonists and British soldiers, where 5 colonists were killed.
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| Boston Tea Party | Colonists dressed as "indians" dumped 18,000 pounds of the East India Company's tea into the waters of the Boston Harbor.
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| John Locke | An English philosopher who embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment.
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| Common Sense | A 50 page pamphlet written by Thomas Paine which attacked King George and the monarchy
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| Declaration of Independence | A formal declaration stating our independence from England
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| Thomas Jefferson | Chosen to prepare the final draft of the Declaration of Independence
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| Loyalists | Those who opposed independence and remained loyal to the British king
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| Patriots | Supporters of independence
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| Saratoga | Where American troops were able to finally surround the British who surrendered on October 17, 1777
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| Valley Forge | Where the Continental Army was extremely low on supplies and had to fight to stay alive due to extreme weather conditions
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| Inflation | When the value of money falls causing prices to rise
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| Marquis de Lafayette | A foreign military leader who arrived during the Revolutionary War to offer help to the colonists
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| Charles Cornwallis | A British general who captured Charles Town, South Carolina in May of 1780
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| Yorktown | Cornwallis led his army of 7500 onto the peninsula between James and York rivers in order to take Virginia
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| Treaty of Paris | In 1783, the delgates signed this document which onfirmed U.S. independence and set the boundaries of the new nation.
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| Egalitarianism | a belief in the equality of all people
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| Republic | A government in which citizens rule through their elected representatives
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| Articles of Confederation | A document set up by the Second Continental Congress as a new plan of government
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Congress provided a procedure for dividing the land into no fewer than three and no more than five states
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| Shay's Rebellion | a farmer's protest over increased taxes
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| James Madison | proposed the Virginia Plan which called for a bicameral, or two house, legislature
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| Federalism | A system of government in which power is divided between national and several state governments
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| Checks and Balances | A system within our three branches of government where each branch checks the power of the other
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| ratification | formal approval
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| Federalists | Favored a strond central or federal government, thus supporting the early Constitution
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| Antifederalists | opposed the Constitution because it did not provide for a Bill of Rights and were against a strong central government
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| Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments to the Constitution
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| Judiary Act of 1789 | Provided for a Supreme Court, federal circuit and district courts
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| Alexander Hamilton | Secretary of the treasury under George Washington
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| cabinet | The department heads or the President's chief advisors
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| two-party system | a system of politics in which two major parties control most political positions
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| Democratic-Republicans | Those who supported Thomas Jefferson's vision of strong state governments
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| Protective Tariff | an important tax on goods produced abroad
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| XYZ Affair | A bribe made by the French in order to hear American requests
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| Alien and Sedition Acts | laws passed by Congress in 1798 restricting immigration and restricting speech against the government
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| nullification | the act of considering void
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